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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ ^6 u" _* D% J1 ]& f$ s! i
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" Y% G& e4 a+ B7 U# B8 }7 RExposure to Testosterone
# B0 i' v: ~3 p" l1 H4 bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2! ]5 \. k, K; G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 O2 o7 H* ]1 V& l# @Clinical Pediatrics4 @9 q( E' b3 X0 h5 `- {) `
Volume 46 Number 6! y( ]) n1 H" Y2 F1 [6 [
July 2007 540-5432 }6 e! I9 u5 Y* u$ ^  g* F
© 2007 Sage Publications
+ B7 _; t: V3 A) B' f$ z6 q10.1177/0009922806296651
$ s/ o1 ~. ]% A5 w1 G. Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
* V$ j8 U$ E( B; ghosted at
# Q& h6 x' K: X8 ahttp://online.sagepub.com
! l( J1 a6 T# O( QPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! C% \# l# q% Y' l5 S4 h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& @/ a! D0 K) w/ N
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ j9 c2 ^( R( X& s2 o4 k! `7 x
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* `. G  ?; C0 \/ R) [* y5 v8 Xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% ?7 M, Y$ M! P( V: S) ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ H2 I: E7 a+ Z( y: nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 T( g  ]- q+ J+ k! w+ g) z( Z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ r+ V+ o+ _( K. X4 k
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! h# e8 c, w  a7 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, i' T, x5 M3 m2 J3 L- o" |+ _% |- t
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 P3 R6 G7 `1 t6 Y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 D% N$ d# V4 ^: W% B8 g% y& O# S6 U! e
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. j: l0 j" q; J, z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) O- g/ V' O6 d3 O3 Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 C9 q5 [3 j) Q7 X
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
2 l! v% F; W1 J' Ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; X% u8 P5 ~6 P. p. X
bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ |7 g, G( l/ s, [1 t2 Eliterature.4
8 j4 Z. J' q$ `) kPatient Report
- u' {2 f4 b$ }* U3 QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the! R' w. w7 u1 v4 n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; S: L, Y: ^) C% C: p  h2 q! Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
( [% g0 j; J" X' xlight colored pubic hair development when he was
5 |! O+ h: J, p% y* R9 QFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 `7 R& C: G: Y5 @$ QSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ f; G8 [; D9 n" J9 {8 R& [
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 R" N4 I+ A6 K( P6 m' ~Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: |& S0 H3 d! q! q* @) l' D5 e0 ]! S
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 f* X3 O$ Q6 m3 T4 m" ve-mail: [email protected].
4 Z. \7 X. M1 n' Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 d6 N9 D% R& R7 U0 Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ A; _' W6 T) l' @ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( \( f% s4 p- J8 @9 A- k5 xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 g5 U9 D* ?1 Q, Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ ^3 q, o; D4 Y& ?20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ n' C- r6 ~7 f  o) h" F4 N  ?: H8 D
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with% f0 K% z6 ^7 J, h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: D4 X4 M2 W7 ^6 y$ y5 `0 n
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" q" R7 Y7 S* W! ^was age appropriate.
/ y8 k( ~# M' M6 u$ s6 mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
. ~3 Q$ a5 u9 zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' z6 A( ^4 Q$ ?7 J% o; |% n$ G
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 z3 S/ U: ~# C2 U. m9 y' Eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' f4 b) Y" T$ Q$ }9 H3 b
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, @: t$ Q0 v7 |( D8 l/ \2 fThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 k* K8 ~6 n6 Y* Achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* w9 g2 q9 n4 }+ R( {* G5 cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' B6 l6 f# @) O+ {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. }+ @* Y1 p/ E% q  s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 i4 r% {7 ~  t7 {- q$ htives. There were no siblings.
! M% j/ ~) z" }4 GPhysical Examination
. M5 A* V2 v+ r7 }) r: UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 C' v* n4 \3 L4 X# Gplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ d) {, ]- g- ta blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; ]5 R9 ?7 H9 v: e90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: a3 \+ j% g! q/ l' j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 D, F* \  o' Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 J8 a/ H$ V( i& Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 r5 {, ]) |! H  ~. S
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 @2 G0 |4 f: ]& f, ?2 x- ^4 `enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 o; k& A) k! s3 G
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* j  w  C( I* I5 T  q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 j5 C5 O2 s1 M& G0 U9 S  y6 w540: y! z0 ~& O& s9 x" S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 o- z$ T+ ?9 l7 Fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ J3 I- \0 x: U1 s  Jtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) q$ |; w4 v' U) R- NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( u: F% z2 i" H' moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! ?8 ?4 Y. J, G+ \1 Q7 t9 xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" A0 B) c. [: Q7 L! eNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 Y' l7 m* f) U* U1 c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
! E3 h. k( j3 Eof papilledema.
+ O7 f) m1 j: m+ \) ~Laboratory Evaluation5 H: J- A* Z& \6 e5 ^( b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by* d. i- |- ~  l3 Y0 R3 s% }4 s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 X0 ~  F7 q. O% ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ F9 S7 p9 z; `& j  R
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 l$ o# G% m* k, c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 E7 m. s' R, F; T. G
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' K3 |) K' V5 i/ l! O3 t
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 H7 U9 D) x0 F( D  l0 M! f
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 K: q0 ]+ E$ |! rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
- b2 _9 y! \/ i! N1 xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 q! Z4 E4 F& m- o/ T- Y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% l# W& w  d- ^' _& vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 Z# I! }! z" X1 z8 g& yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ G* Z: i! F# i$ C& h# ^desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& ]. u; E5 J; K& x4 V1 W2 G
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% d! B( c5 g$ A+ g+ D8 u. Y% {( X
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
9 b1 {" B1 z; [4 Ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- N; `$ z' a; _6 A- v- d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: y4 i6 E* H* e7 C2 K- R1 x2 wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( Z# x/ j/ P0 V- O5 S, Q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& ]& q, S2 {! h* @: Y+ G
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! m7 h- ]/ @! D% M( iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& m1 E7 y7 _) j1 D(prepubertal).
' ]3 v1 _; r+ i8 m0 b# mThe parents were notified about the laboratory# h( e8 M" Q; Z* `2 _7 M
results and were informed that all of the tests were% P2 q0 ^  j; A' g$ k  n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 `4 k* A# q. ]' `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: T. i1 r+ f: x9 v  Q/ uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 _# {2 @0 m7 V( q2 V4 G; {# \
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& X7 L8 X/ x3 ?. H' I
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 N3 L6 \' t% w$ M6 |& Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained" ~" j% w9 h) S/ g+ Z# S+ g4 ^4 X' L
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 n# i' b" g$ c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) J" M9 Z+ t* r% J7 b. qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  Z8 [4 P- p& r" ~6 l# ]$ O& Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; a" r7 ]( E" `  Y8 S1 i8 E4 v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 {: K- E% V' _1 ?* Y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ X2 r- K% [0 E  P* P- aing frequent erections.* M8 i0 s+ S6 a( h) D& Y; c2 [
Both parents were again questioned about use of* \7 q) V" l" ?2 H+ A0 }: p7 d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, b, T! J. ^  F* M% \4 s' l! y7 b# nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: X8 n% M: D) V. BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 Q/ p' o% K+ ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-2 R+ i! E1 u: L1 {# V- D
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ R, f) f  w: h0 v+ ~; Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. O1 e, T: w5 k1 Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! ^( w! t6 u. U; e: Sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 E* m$ f. a. F% csecondary to depression.7 z' h6 D; p  q1 S1 ]6 b) S# H7 _2 T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
, T3 B- w" d& r4 x* bThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his: |" s% {! I  m  M9 c
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, V$ G% T# ]. V
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 K7 t+ U& l; ^3 C- NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" q" @* @$ d( E! y6 x9 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ J; s6 m( ]0 Y
was high, he then read the product information
% m, K$ g& a9 Lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ v5 ^) J* Y. P3 H! ^/ x! Rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 o2 m" p8 t3 Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 ~+ T3 q9 k  F- O7 g- Z0 Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 N$ G( ^1 T0 o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; l3 E5 t% S+ s7 @+ d! v  Xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" ]" t! D) K) r( flaboratory to obtain the test.
) O1 _* y* r; J# u* I* oDiscussion
" l3 L/ j/ J: i% i5 w. Z; ^$ lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 {. y' j$ _, N: T% Q* Asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% t; j  {& i. ]' N. j6 z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) z% g! p8 l9 \4 j( ?& mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, E" J$ H$ S# V2 V/ Y9 f! H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 C4 M4 I8 H: o6 R0 t
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 G" A8 G9 ?# W# l7 W$ P9 zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is. z/ f' v! f$ S0 ]' z2 C
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 J3 G+ ?7 E) z7 J. M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-; g7 u+ G" L- t8 X9 l/ m4 m2 N# t9 Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 o0 k8 @% P' e) Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ ]! b4 r2 u$ s' y4 y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 [! c8 U1 Y+ s# a; |2 h" y/ vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ q  S( t5 X+ n, F2 Tgonadotropins.1,31 G9 K& ^* K. T1 E9 c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ ~: g; \9 E% w' ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, h* o8 M2 Y1 S0 n4 ?  w. A5 b: B7 T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 T; J# j; L% A) M
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ d- U) J$ q; I1 [$ o2 y5 \
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 ^( U. x7 q: Q/ w! M& g& E1 w
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 {' V$ L4 G* fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- E# b1 |" p& u6 u/ D4 F( i
puberty in boys.3,4
$ t7 f  H3 o6 J, }- y4 w- j5 gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 f# t  K( ?1 J. C/ bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 r" T& k; l7 b7 V& k! s! TThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 M4 w2 Q, R! N7 R' `: ]' dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  G& A% x* i1 g& ]* o1 Nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ M; e% G- L0 u1 w; }excess.1,3
' M2 S! H9 y. S$ I7 y, M/ {! w& s/ _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ _) Y4 v& o' N9 D5 r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& u# q$ c5 Z0 x: ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 v" C+ C  ^$ E6 b% T( Z1 @  C+ }. P( t
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 F' b  B0 A+ Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- ]% P  |1 N) fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys( h3 N5 f- S7 G( }2 l2 \
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* n6 h* d2 T/ o9 l- e" uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- W' U! X. v/ L2 Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! R2 ]2 w$ Q9 n, c: m! S. p5 eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 C' m  ^" i7 h% m8 {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& s) e0 J, C1 _6 {, ^; wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 z' q% I0 Z/ I
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only- ?8 z! b& ^# k6 w" ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family& B; C: P( c' ~& w/ B2 K
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( y2 n" L: I+ d& g6 \0 e, ]In our patient, physical examination was incon-; n% t% U" K8 I& J) Y. h  {/ v( J# q- }
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; _' x' f& Q- lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 t5 N5 C) a% A$ l8 Z. Z& wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( N( b' U4 G; n! t8 K9 J. zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," ^. X7 W4 \; P9 f" w: K
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* }5 b( _1 `3 K; c4 n0 E6 C5 ?8 P, I2 [. J
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. t: f$ C$ p; [) R# D& sative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ v% J  M2 |+ w; q: @: {8 y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- z! I6 C& Z, f- [& Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ l) v8 O$ D. G' }' a
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 I' `! d* x! i- ]/ ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ E" D* }# S; c8 V$ WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 ^, k/ B% K& ]. b& y1 b9 dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 O: x  g8 T1 E3 J- g5 Q  j1 {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 `- @1 \8 Q6 K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 a  b- _, `# e% m$ ~' S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" H, W% y& t# d2 ~3 m
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( |" E# o: G+ K7 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, o  N" Y" X+ Q+ w  VDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" g( ?6 ^9 \1 P" I8 G3 g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 u  R% p" m2 j$ F8 }unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
" O* G' K( O) n0 S  P# g- aSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 ^4 g: a( Y* k1 L- C+ q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* q. I- a5 r9 W8 K/ n7 o
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 [% W; N7 a/ J7 D0 u' X4 P5 Npartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 X$ e* i* f" y; y* Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* a4 g# B  ]5 e7 F7 q% R4 ]
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 {6 t/ F  J$ y. Q7 j7 J* w9 bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ B: v+ P# H: H6 w% ?3 E
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  g9 R4 A" a' u; `( O6 r
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 J5 l1 d! X$ U
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 n1 J- Z" n, L% n
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 d, n1 f" w5 V+ u) y2 _4 zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. M" C2 _4 Y3 L* O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" t/ T6 s0 J7 m5 T# O& Y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
) E0 r/ b1 y% z+ [, X) u$ i) ladvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ r  c' Y! I: n. |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during( y) K* Y$ K! O8 }$ C# l9 C: `. ^
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 x' p7 H" |9 h8 \( Ladult height are not fully known and always remain
) j# f8 p# o8 a3 Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-1 M8 l4 {% X6 X" x6 O8 G
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 c$ w- F7 E, N0 ?% I) {9 [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ S5 F7 E1 b1 s; ?7 N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation: O2 v7 B" y6 x  ^* ~# R  f
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) U, l: T& ~# w" d- E8 i, `. m5 a4 k
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 z8 q  }1 B2 ~over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 V4 d' s6 u2 E; Q# U( u5 bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 L9 F, g" O" {1 {7 S6 [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% d8 X. E. y6 q: v% \" B8 t
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- c- `  i2 W$ @6 g: o, s) USutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between! s! s2 G+ L/ g+ ^. x; Z: q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 d$ ?  I$ Y5 bpenile length in clinical studies.
: q! l% H4 Z$ \: H( J% yNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 h8 X# e. b8 `
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ b1 M* X( M8 h- }1 v* K( Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
6 H1 z  E( ?: W% xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ k2 h) {; u; m" U% j% H
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 K* L. g- t  t1 W4 a* Y% [diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. [4 \  [4 y- @& I0 m, `the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 @9 H  A8 c) S1 x& n' o* s2 p: cheight will not be affected.( A! W  n/ }0 r, n; \. X$ I) {# m
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& t5 w' T2 E* g- u" z8 g3 f
ability of androgen products in our society may
. f# b: a+ d4 [5 jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 k8 J! t) |$ _4 e2 [children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 A( ]+ E* r5 F8 \( j: L  tgen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ V# q7 U( G! a% ]4 m  [, }9 E, S8 d) ]tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* j3 U4 N* y1 b1 M( [gel should be asked of the family members during
( P1 V% X$ N$ |* X( a! q: f1 Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( J! `5 M# u. J/ q8 h* ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ s" b6 u0 `1 w8 k0 ?( l$ _nosis can be established by just a few tests and by) [, i9 ]. L" h& D) e; a/ Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ w4 P4 g7 q1 I) `! ]2 G
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; V4 u# w. s7 z
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; G4 g- a( M7 l2 i$ n
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, o2 `# B* p$ H: [. daware of this fact, because most of these children! A% Z1 w& M+ R/ I$ \5 a$ D4 m. ~& y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 s- M' o0 {$ x+ V, j
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* f$ x, G% d9 kwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or3 F  {. W; w5 X  v
female child who might come in contact with some-* ^. X; U+ g! W% ]/ o+ A1 Z
one using any of these products.
) I' f1 p8 b( [References
2 z8 H# e+ I8 [% {+ r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& c  G/ z% u0 N! ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. w0 I3 o+ ]+ H/ i
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;3 @4 J  J: ~% ^7 y2 l
2002: 565-628.7 c( O8 _, P/ H* ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 \1 y3 U! }$ I7 a, I9 p+ q5 Opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! K+ H1 R& x; y( V; p8 S0 F, uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 R6 k! ]6 `1 ~
Exposure to Testosterone
+ c! ^+ l( G- g8 {8 ISamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" I0 U3 q- |1 {6 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% K: S  r7 D/ ]) E2 pClinical Pediatrics- X& R: C, t% u- W' t9 n
Volume 46 Number 6& x; n$ Z# `3 g7 l6 {; a8 a. o( w1 }
July 2007 540-543; ^) a5 ^1 y8 P5 c1 n
© 2007 Sage Publications
  o6 ]5 D* g0 h10.1177/0009922806296651
2 r; Z- v/ T) `, m, e9 h4 shttp://clp.sagepub.com
2 s3 H4 O- k- a8 ?hosted at
! Q8 q  `1 y; L7 r7 E/ w/ G5 Uhttp://online.sagepub.com
1 O- I5 G& u+ M  h. OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, r0 u$ f# c1 l. j" ^! Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 g9 J  b: T7 o% n4 m
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 [5 R) m- Z5 Q4 b5 ]& j' tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 [! t0 |. F* f$ C' @a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. S. V' v1 U! q* m7 j' ^lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- s! B5 a+ U% z8 t3 G+ k4 A9 Oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 S; ]) P# k, q- N' O9 h4 _% n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. L3 G" ?% r) w: Bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 y5 N: [* E/ v7 i( g4 L0 z+ }
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ e2 d( |, \. _: k# b4 Y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: S/ V, I2 v; U/ d8 Q! ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 v2 D+ s' z3 m0 e, R( ?to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ W2 Y" E0 W1 c, C7 V2 p( ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 d1 ?" T5 ~* C/ D, b( b0 Omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. s, R: o- F3 N/ ?5 s' tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 {" o0 N8 g9 C9 Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 P3 \& u- m0 P$ w: E2 L4 E$ }bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 V# q. k. l6 u2 vliterature.4
- G& l; d; a' `- bPatient Report. {3 j, p! |9 o! P+ ]: H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! K) X( ?/ [) Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 [* P9 f; m, mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 E* h  z! g  M/ v- Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was# f7 M% }( A  R/ L) p- f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ {" N* E: n/ i) M, uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: l7 u( P: x5 A" j+ F0 m1 dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," ?7 O5 [9 B4 Y; R7 J6 S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 |  W6 l2 I3 M" jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; G  A) \& P: |3 I6 @, t% {1 [e-mail: [email protected].
) ]6 L: G6 ?, e! g1 ]6 L. A" eabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. M2 v* D- l4 ?# edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 }/ ^: g+ F( r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 b; u1 ~2 B1 i! u9 }# Z# C! ?- S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 c& n8 B4 u1 w0 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( q( K) Z2 B9 R. q- }' f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ c7 m2 X1 {3 x3 Q6 o4 q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 s7 O3 ^8 @( X" G5 R( x3 v+ y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- Y% F3 b, J# D0 k4 i3 D) U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development3 ?$ s- f, O( s
was age appropriate.
3 h$ E; E- F* ^/ G: yThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! s+ N5 P' C; kwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& C6 G( W1 v9 X  D+ Y6 ^1 b  Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s9 V% k/ P1 m5 e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' W  O) K9 ~: v8 y' Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% H4 x, D+ [9 J- q1 w
The father denied taking any other medication. The. a  i" g1 g% b' u8 D: e; R) j+ o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 V1 p9 u' [% B8 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; P/ f8 |- Z- }0 C3 S; T7 R
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 R% }7 m% q7 Y3 d, tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 d/ ~* d) q4 Rtives. There were no siblings.
: z/ Z) N' r* Q4 @# APhysical Examination
, H: ~" e: `, B% p! I$ RThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 f+ j/ D. G, K1 I0 Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: A9 u2 ^  [5 K5 h1 _a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: Q5 r; v; g6 ?5 ]90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  Z; X5 w% Z9 @9 e; q1 e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' A- T* L2 Q( I% R. F, `7 H/ X. B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) D( }  e. ]; ]  Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 v' c6 t0 {) H( n
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 n" y3 o5 v  H0 y. P" E& }3 V( z3 |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 b8 Y# p# k) a+ n8 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 P% e) Z4 p- T7 G$ E; ?+ F' _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" \8 `) `) R6 R6 Q4 |0 H# [
540. l7 f" ^1 q4 ?( f- I8 j
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* f/ a6 p+ J- @: ?5 {8 S
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# N5 D: Y$ u4 w* ^testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& A" z$ P4 r) r" p) e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" c5 k# U9 R$ z' [$ N- joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ Y( }8 m) L1 P! f& m2 ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 \0 F" S) A+ w8 ]
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" L# R$ r, s. s6 i0 D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 u- n1 N& F- Q9 g$ c7 P
of papilledema.
% w6 T9 q" [' w# qLaboratory Evaluation+ {8 @1 D4 u7 W4 Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. B) {' h. w( x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ w3 y2 y: ~. G* d2 J% r# Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 m# p  D3 Q5 tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 ]! W3 O$ c+ cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 H: l8 k5 \* Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 J$ ]: I0 [6 {; ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 ~5 `* G: Q: v' }2 Q* D, U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. s* i; W  T  p' _. Y
within normal range for his age. The concentration: e  {0 @" ~* m; z) C. o: I# E, D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 G1 V9 U7 q5 ^. o9 P6 F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! }) g4 M' F( O$ A$ d/ s! u1 Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 N# I3 A. A( u' G7 w4 jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 L: i- `5 O' |+ ?! @  }( `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- ?' d( p. N* J! T0 m: U- D% k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  {+ P2 \' g! x" g, p
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" Q; f0 z, _( z2 x( g6 \. S& ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 i5 k  ^: X0 U0 n- F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* j, J: [! @* u$ Y5 k$ K. F! A
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- k, ?! q; \% ^5 k. F! o$ m' o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% X& N/ Y! j; a1 Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ Y4 b) e/ s$ M  ]& p- C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" Y% \5 c" q' P6 A+ I
(prepubertal).
/ L% }: w: q' q' kThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 J; y. h9 [' ~/ T4 T" `results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 n6 E$ ~" X  K0 ~2 Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The
" w8 d9 L. s* o, pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ?4 }7 E, P/ V0 _3 K! X  l) lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 G$ W2 J6 @+ c' E% M; uever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' v6 x% N" ~! n5 e  b5 n/ y: uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" r6 Y7 N# m+ P3 y2 K% z* s$ R; Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& y  H1 X' L- h' i' |7 ^+ ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 d6 e- l1 {3 C2 h2 K, }4 e
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- o! z+ ^! ?5 W( J
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 U9 t. m% P1 n1 S; O0 Gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 z& `3 r! U' O0 @' amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. T& U  Q9 w% u+ ?1 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 j" R& e  z: q/ h- u: Ning frequent erections.( ^" ~& M/ z+ m0 O' f
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 _! Z+ k* b" P. a# e4 z7 y* o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 g: e: q5 C8 q% i" E+ m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) M' Y, s' N: N; E2 ?! N+ Z: s, TTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# {) ?( ?' R# N1 _9 z+ t5 E  l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; H+ j  X: g) s) w5 X. T) b! G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( T" C) Y6 e: t; {$ xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- v" j. T: c9 O0 E; D3 P  q1 ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ J( j# W) U6 K% l% \' y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 G% e/ P# \+ m5 Hsecondary to depression.9 H. \6 r4 {  j- I
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 I+ {4 e" }/ L6 e" O+ ~; Z1 U' EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ J0 |( ]8 j% o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 q: _( w' y. |
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 p: |2 T& V+ ~8 Z: ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& W$ I8 a# \4 g* |' S& [' jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby- A' }4 L+ H* [, w0 t
was high, he then read the product information
* Y7 \: f7 e5 n8 t& q# Spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! e7 R+ r) I  y# q! Q( Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 b0 C+ M6 C0 @# o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" z$ t& N8 v" J, L, M9 T4 T/ ^( B: m, mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' P1 W- Y/ k, V1 k3 G2 `  [1 Dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 N" v# D0 D9 v& C. L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ q" o  I1 B7 v8 \$ }0 l0 Ulaboratory to obtain the test.
/ X& F( s: `$ HDiscussion1 h8 {" a& f8 _
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 P# d; N; L( A5 F- F- lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 Z( e1 g/ g! Q0 q3 ?6 ^
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) g# o  I8 _- r. O' x! ~! ]6 `it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ _% t% N, V% o
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 u! p" J% A6 {( \0 v% V/ e) |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 ?' F+ d! j6 C7 X: A: ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ f- _+ j' e) k5 Q1 N% Sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# O$ \3 E! u; I( V8 Y4 ]' a  `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# E; J( u# w# E3 j9 S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* E5 U, J9 |- xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" r) v& q: D' a. H. tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 `- g: w* D' i- L8 I
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 @2 Z4 Z5 L) Tgonadotropins.1,3
2 s/ E+ }7 q7 ?  }Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 o* _8 S* C7 w7 [+ C" mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 J' C5 Y! A: m
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* y; N: O5 O6 T: }exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, S; w" Z% j' p: \ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 I, ]" w5 Z* [! Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive8 i8 x/ @0 Q! A5 q/ Q$ O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 z3 k: B( @; R# ^, jpuberty in boys.3,4; b4 \! Y: x3 N$ t/ F: c
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* Z( c) O9 X9 y# D3 E, Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 o! X, i) p  x" ]+ d) K0 Z; N
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 S1 x' t. d- n+ L5 L9 A+ T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," _- L, U$ V6 g8 U5 \
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! L5 o+ ?6 S' h$ eexcess.1,32 g% j: S2 y* t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 x. p2 V3 S  Q" F
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ G1 l: X$ q% e( G$ e* IA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* _. K) q3 z& e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. g" r+ d+ ~0 F- v" l
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 c) d8 c( u& |( P7 m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# W4 ]9 H* H8 x* i/ F/ I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 a( n) N  Y, f; Oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! N0 w# d% [0 V+ Xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" z" ~. h- ]1 [: Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) ^* _% b8 ?5 |8 w. s) Q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) n- e5 s$ m* F% F4 w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# J$ O% J* U2 L/ f0 J0 T0 Hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 X6 k6 R7 e8 [% v: K8 fmales; therefore, other male members of the family; U. @, M( a4 C4 q, ?
may have similar precocious puberty.31 P, P& }( A, e; i7 Q# G% w, E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( t, |+ C5 \* x$ [5 [) k
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ W$ z: y2 w/ I' V: Y. x) {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 l0 ]3 ]& w; s+ N5 vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father9 @' z% j8 H9 s+ P# U5 J( p& J
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 Y' P7 o; D8 ^7 T) A8 y* [
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. P( @7 U/ K% a7 r# s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& J$ {0 I0 ~' M4 D/ Z+ E: f: b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 N  ^4 F' d, b( G4 S( d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" p% g& Y' @! Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 B0 G. t* y; V+ }$ C5 }
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% E, Z# U  g8 i0 Q# Z, F5 M+ king the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& v8 t5 X8 z4 LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* X" E7 {7 J; j" J4 J& d( c6 D' Nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- O% B4 \% Z3 `  g) O% i. ?. wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: |5 x! p' Q+ J4 h* [7 w$ ?
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 j  m  o) m' t  v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 `0 g; u0 r9 g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 ~9 V/ y( Y) [7 g1 l" Y2 a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ m. h) c. k: ~* w4 q% n
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. g  e' ~0 E; c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; q% d' N/ y' e5 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 H/ V. U$ ]' }, F4 NSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' C$ E9 w8 T0 b) P4 Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 J- I+ P" i" [0 F9 L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. i) w' H0 ?9 s  h5 G, Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 M1 o6 h: U  {( ?  @+ d) {tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% i. a7 }; _4 |/ B0 GOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( e' L; q3 s! H; x. y9 mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 v/ `7 a/ [; ?# d! v
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% Y& B1 F( e7 [% Z% yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ a& }$ l) L7 Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone. [$ D; W* t; T. ~
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ ~, }2 ]  g5 A, _2 C" Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 ^! W; o; ?9 k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" ?+ r, ^' c' x" y6 f
children results in an increase in growth velocity and: z) |3 r( p4 t# O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 |- P! }1 n2 t2 U: t0 N. ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ n8 J: g" W+ ^' D1 V. ?. s7 L) Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final) }  m" e7 C5 z$ q& n( b5 h
adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 u+ E; t( O4 |/ Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! Z; \& G/ W) y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 ]8 J  g$ m7 W5 y( I4 \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 s( H4 v8 S3 @. H# F$ ~cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 b: R( v2 l. w5 @) G* ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 c. {- z: L6 p4 J: B2 N+ `
There are conflicting reports and controversy! Y0 {$ I" h( Z1 O# i
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) O2 R+ K4 k' r9 `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ Z- F" j1 i- U% L2 |7 p$ b9 e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 _1 {( S+ U) w. dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& J) W9 c& }% A- a. K7 FSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 D9 s% X8 x+ M* H8 r! Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: Y6 m4 M: m& a" t& `- u
penile length in clinical studies., o& q* ^4 u) ^/ B9 J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 T1 l+ A! V) J# \% q! {, @7 H
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, }7 e- V4 s" ]) h; Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 }  v8 F2 W) D0 f! M
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ r/ w9 j$ L/ A/ R! W. B% f2 J- |; P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 W3 F. |. y. S. ?. vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" ~9 K" w7 h5 E+ N/ xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. ~& ?* W2 \" t* l( e/ l( a% F  ^height will not be affected.
0 X: S# K4 q# N* [" X& lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-) n" L9 g2 r/ o' f* l) q8 Q
ability of androgen products in our society may3 _/ ?8 J" o) n4 x( }" a0 R
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- [2 ^- A( K4 O8 q: {5 _- B8 s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 |- J2 G4 A2 ]6 C" n, ~
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 x8 N9 a6 @+ L* b  x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 u+ @* Y0 j1 j  M3 zgel should be asked of the family members during
* z9 P4 }, b, s/ D& W/ }. X5 fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 p2 K4 N3 o' Q, S2 ?( Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' t3 y( i: n) E+ l& n8 L# mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- |' ~: S( Q5 ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 y2 }' I1 T  f/ @- L0 Q6 ?# N7 k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% B$ r8 Z5 V4 j% ]8 u3 C$ j4 _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! p  `; ]" P0 n0 w% C! j. G" @
investigation. The primary care physician should be5 i& i1 w5 @/ X/ f% k
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 x5 @  [. X" m9 e9 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; k( e$ U6 s7 N& P8 k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: B5 |5 P2 t9 v/ }) rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ ^2 {+ h, L9 A) p1 W$ e7 |0 xfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. u( C# P, N$ z+ w. _one using any of these products.
4 C( [1 c0 d" sReferences
  Y! S' h. y' a  l: e5 Z; i; P1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* H$ L8 D: }: W+ @; Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  v! j# S9 V( A4 gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 h& V) _/ o+ H# o, K2 W. T# I
2002: 565-628.8 s+ G& \, k: I$ O5 o% [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# W+ x) z, p  W3 T! ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 a0 s) |& J# G5 u精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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