- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! K+ H1 R& x; y( V; p8 S0 F, uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 R6 k! ]6 `1 ~
Exposure to Testosterone
+ c! ^+ l( G- g8 {8 ISamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" I0 U3 q- |1 {6 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% K: S r7 D/ ]) E2 pClinical Pediatrics- X& R: C, t% u- W' t9 n
Volume 46 Number 6& x; n$ Z# `3 g7 l6 {; a8 a. o( w1 }
July 2007 540-543; ^) a5 ^1 y8 P5 c1 n
© 2007 Sage Publications
o6 ]5 D* g0 h10.1177/0009922806296651
2 r; Z- v/ T) `, m, e9 h4 shttp://clp.sagepub.com
2 s3 H4 O- k- a8 ?hosted at
! Q8 q `1 y; L7 r7 E/ w/ G5 Uhttp://online.sagepub.com
1 O- I5 G& u+ M h. OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, r0 u$ f# c1 l. j" ^! Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 g9 J b: T7 o% n4 m
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 [5 R) m- Z5 Q4 b5 ]& j' tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 [! t0 |. F* f$ C' @a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. S. V' v1 U! q* m7 j' ^lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- s! B5 a+ U% z8 t3 G+ k4 A9 Oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 S; ]) P# k, q- N' O9 h4 _% n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. L3 G" ?% r) w: Bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 y5 N: [* E/ v7 i( g4 L0 z+ }
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ e2 d( |, \. _: k# b4 Y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: S/ V, I2 v; U/ d8 Q! ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 v2 D+ s' z3 m0 e, R( ?to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ W2 Y" E0 W1 c, C7 V2 p( ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 d1 ?" T5 ~* C/ D, b( b0 Omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. s, R: o- F3 N/ ?5 s' tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 {" o0 N8 g9 C9 Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 P3 \& u- m0 P$ w: E2 L4 E$ }bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 V# q. k. l6 u2 vliterature.4
- G& l; d; a' `- bPatient Report. {3 j, p! |9 o! P+ ]: H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! K) X( ?/ [) Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 [* P9 f; m, mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 E* h z! g M/ v- Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was# f7 M% }( A R/ L) p- f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ {" N* E: n/ i) M, uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: l7 u( P: x5 A" j+ F0 m1 dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," ?7 O5 [9 B4 Y; R7 J6 S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 | W6 l2 I3 M" jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; G A) \& P: |3 I6 @, t% {1 [e-mail: [email protected].
) ]6 L: G6 ?, e! g1 ]6 L. A" eabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. M2 v* D- l4 ?# edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 }/ ^: g+ F( r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 b; u1 ~2 B1 i! u9 }# Z# C! ?- S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 c& n8 B4 u1 w0 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( q( K) Z2 B9 R. q- }' f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ c7 m2 X1 {3 x3 Q6 o4 q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 s7 O3 ^8 @( X" G5 R( x3 v+ y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- Y% F3 b, J# D0 k4 i3 D) U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development3 ?$ s- f, O( s
was age appropriate.
3 h$ E; E- F* ^/ G: yThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! s+ N5 P' C; kwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& C6 G( W1 v9 X D+ Y6 ^1 b Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s9 V% k/ P1 m5 e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' W O) K9 ~: v8 y' Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% H4 x, D+ [9 J- q1 w
The father denied taking any other medication. The. a i" g1 g% b' u8 D: e; R) j+ o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 V1 p9 u' [% B8 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; P/ f8 |- Z- }0 C3 S; T7 R
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 R% }7 m% q7 Y3 d, tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 d/ ~* d) q4 Rtives. There were no siblings.
: z/ Z) N' r* Q4 @# APhysical Examination
, H: ~" e: `, B% p! I$ RThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 f+ j/ D. G, K1 I0 Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: A9 u2 ^ [5 K5 h1 _a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: Q5 r; v; g6 ?5 ]90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
Z; X5 w% Z9 @9 e; q1 e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' A- T* L2 Q( I% R. F, `7 H/ X. B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) D( } e. ]; ] Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 v' c6 t0 {) H( n
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 n" y3 o5 v H0 y. P" E& }3 V( z3 |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 b8 Y# p# k) a+ n8 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 P% e) Z4 p- T7 G$ E; ?+ F' _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" \8 `) `) R6 R6 Q4 |0 H# [
540. l7 f" ^1 q4 ?( f- I8 j
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* f/ a6 p+ J- @: ?5 {8 S
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# N5 D: Y$ u4 w* ^testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& A" z$ P4 r) r" p) e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" c5 k# U9 R$ z' [$ N- joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ Y( }8 m) L1 P! f& m2 ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 \0 F" S) A+ w8 ]
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" L# R$ r, s. s6 i0 D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 u- n1 N& F- Q9 g$ c7 P
of papilledema.
% w6 T9 q" [' w# qLaboratory Evaluation+ {8 @1 D4 u7 W4 Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. B) {' h. w( x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ w3 y2 y: ~. G* d2 J% r# Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 m# p D3 Q5 tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 ]! W3 O$ c+ cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 H: l8 k5 \* Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 J$ ]: I0 [6 {; ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 ~5 `* G: Q: v' }2 Q* D, U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. s* i; W T p' _. Y
within normal range for his age. The concentration: e {0 @" ~* m; z) C. o: I# E, D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 G1 V9 U7 q5 ^. o9 P6 F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! }) g4 M' F( O$ A$ d/ s! u1 Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 N# I3 A. A( u' G7 w4 jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 L: i- `5 O' |+ ?! @ }( `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- ?' d( p. N* J! T0 m: U- D% k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S) {+ P2 \' g! x" g, p
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" Q; f0 z, _( z2 x( g6 \. S& ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 i5 k ^: X0 U0 n- F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* j, J: [! @* u$ Y5 k$ K. F! A
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- k, ?! q; \% ^5 k. F! o$ m' o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% X& N/ Y! j; a1 Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ Y4 b) e/ s$ M ]& p- C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" Y% \5 c" q' P6 A+ I
(prepubertal).
/ L% }: w: q' q' kThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 J; y. h9 [' ~/ T4 T" `results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 n6 E$ ~" X K0 ~2 Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The
" w8 d9 L. s* o, pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ?4 }7 E, P/ V0 _3 K! X l) lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 G$ W2 J6 @+ c' E% M; uever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' v6 x% N" ~! n5 e b5 n/ y: uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" r6 Y7 N# m+ P3 y2 K% z* s$ R; Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& y H1 X' L- h' i' |7 ^+ ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 d6 e- l1 {3 C2 h2 K, }4 e
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- o! z+ ^! ?5 W( J
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 U9 t. m% P1 n1 S; O0 Gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 z& `3 r! U' O0 @' amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. T& U Q9 w% u+ ?1 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 j" R& e z: q/ h- u: Ning frequent erections.( ^" ~& M/ z+ m0 O' f
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 _! Z+ k* b" P. a# e4 z7 y* o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 g: e: q5 C8 q% i" E+ m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) M' Y, s' N: N; E2 ?! N+ Z: s, TTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# {) ?( ?' R# N1 _9 z+ t5 E l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; H+ j X: g) s) w5 X. T) b! G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( T" C) Y6 e: t; {$ xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- v" j. T: c9 O0 E; D3 P q1 ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ J( j# W) U6 K% l% \' y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 G% e/ P# \+ m5 Hsecondary to depression.9 H. \6 r4 { j- I
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 I+ {4 e" }/ L6 e" O+ ~; Z1 U' EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ J0 |( ]8 j% o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 q: _( w' y. |
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 p: |2 T& V+ ~8 Z: ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& W$ I8 a# \4 g* |' S& [' jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby- A' }4 L+ H* [, w0 t
was high, he then read the product information
* Y7 \: f7 e5 n8 t& q# Spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! e7 R+ r) I y# q! Q( Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 b0 C+ M6 C0 @# o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" z$ t& N8 v" J, L, M9 T4 T/ ^( B: m, mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' P1 W- Y/ k, V1 k3 G2 ` [1 Dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 N" v# D0 D9 v& C. L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ q" o I1 B7 v8 \$ }0 l0 Ulaboratory to obtain the test.
/ X& F( s: `$ HDiscussion1 h8 {" a& f8 _
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 P# d; N; L( A5 F- F- lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 Z( e1 g/ g! Q0 q3 ?6 ^
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) g# o I8 _- r. O' x! ~! ]6 `it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ _% t% N, V% o
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 u! p" J% A6 {( \0 v% V/ e) |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 ?' F+ d! j6 C7 X: A: ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ f- _+ j' e) k5 Q1 N% Sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# O$ \3 E! u; I( V8 Y4 ]' a `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# E; J( u# w# E3 j9 S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* E5 U, J9 |- xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" r) v& q: D' a. H. tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 `- g: w* D' i- L8 I
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 @2 Z4 Z5 L) Tgonadotropins.1,3
2 s/ E+ }7 q7 ? }Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 o* _8 S* C7 w7 [+ C" mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 J' C5 Y! A: m
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* y; N: O5 O6 T: }exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, S; w" Z% j' p: \ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 I, ]" w5 Z* [! Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive8 i8 x/ @0 Q! A5 q/ Q$ O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 z3 k: B( @; R# ^, jpuberty in boys.3,4; b4 \! Y: x3 N$ t/ F: c
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* Z( c) O9 X9 y# D3 E, Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 o! X, i) p x" ]+ d) K0 Z; N
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 S1 x' t. d- n+ L5 L9 A+ T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," _- L, U$ V6 g8 U5 \
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! L5 o+ ?6 S' h$ eexcess.1,32 g% j: S2 y* t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 x. p2 V3 S Q" F
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ G1 l: X$ q% e( G$ e* IA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* _. K) q3 z& e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. g" r+ d+ ~0 F- v" l
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 c) d8 c( u& |( P7 m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# W4 ]9 H* H8 x* i/ F/ I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 a( n) N Y, f; Oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! N0 w# d% [0 V+ Xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" z" ~. h- ]1 [: Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) ^* _% b8 ?5 |8 w. s) Q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) n- e5 s$ m* F% F4 w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# J$ O% J* U2 L/ f0 J0 T0 Hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 X6 k6 R7 e8 [% v: K8 fmales; therefore, other male members of the family; U. @, M( a4 C4 q, ?
may have similar precocious puberty.31 P, P& }( A, e; i7 Q# G% w, E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( t, |+ C5 \* x$ [5 [) k
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ W$ z: y2 w/ I' V: Y. x) {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 l0 ]3 ]& w; s+ N5 vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father9 @' z% j8 H9 s+ P# U5 J( p& J
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 Y' P7 o; D8 ^7 T) A8 y* [
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. P( @7 U/ K% a7 r# s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& J$ {0 I0 ~' M4 D/ Z+ E: f: b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 N ^4 F' d, b( G4 S( d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" p% g& Y' @! Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 B0 G. t* y; V+ }$ C5 }
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% E, Z# U g8 i0 Q# Z, F5 M+ king the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& v8 t5 X8 z4 LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* X" E7 {7 J; j" J4 J& d( c6 D' Nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- O% B4 \% Z3 ` g) O% i. ?. wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: |5 x! p' Q+ J4 h* [7 w$ ?
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 j m o) m' t v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 `0 g; u0 r9 g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 ~9 V/ y( Y) [7 g1 l" Y2 a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ m. h) c. k: ~* w4 q% n
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. g e' ~0 E; c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; q% d' N/ y' e5 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 H/ V. U$ ]' }, F4 NSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' C$ E9 w8 T0 b) P4 Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 J- I+ P" i" [0 F9 L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. i) w' H0 ?9 s h5 G, Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 M1 o6 h: U {( ? @+ d) {tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% i. a7 }; _4 |/ B0 GOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( e' L; q3 s! H; x. y9 mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 v/ `7 a/ [; ?# d! v
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% Y& B1 F( e7 [% Z% yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ a& }$ l) L7 Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone. [$ D; W* t; T. ~
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ ~, }2 ] g5 A, _2 C" Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 ^! W; o; ?9 k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" ?+ r, ^' c' x" y6 f
children results in an increase in growth velocity and: z) |3 r( p4 t# O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 |- P! }1 n2 t2 U: t0 N. ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ n8 J: g" W+ ^' D1 V. ?. s7 L) Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final) } m" e7 C5 z$ q& n( b5 h
adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 u+ E; t( O4 |/ Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! Z; \& G/ W) y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 ]8 J g$ m7 W5 y( I4 \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 s( H4 v8 S3 @. H# F$ ~cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 b: R( v2 l. w5 @) G* ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 c. {- z: L6 p4 J: B2 N+ `
There are conflicting reports and controversy! Y0 {$ I" h( Z1 O# i
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) O2 R+ K4 k' r9 `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ Z- F" j1 i- U% L2 |7 p$ b9 e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 _1 {( S+ U) w. dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& J) W9 c& }% A- a. K7 FSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 D9 s% X8 x+ M* H8 r! Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: Y6 m4 M: m& a" t& `- u
penile length in clinical studies., o& q* ^4 u) ^/ B9 J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 T1 l+ A! V) J# \% q! {, @7 H
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, }7 e- V4 s" ]) h; Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 } v8 F2 W) D0 f! M
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ r/ w9 j$ L/ A/ R! W. B% f2 J- |; P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 W3 F. |. y. S. ?. vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" ~9 K" w7 h5 E+ N/ xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. ~& ?* W2 \" t* l( e/ l( a% F ^height will not be affected.
0 X: S# K4 q# N* [" X& lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-) n" L9 g2 r/ o' f* l) q8 Q
ability of androgen products in our society may3 _/ ?8 J" o) n4 x( }" a0 R
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- [2 ^- A( K4 O8 q: {5 _- B8 s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 |- J2 G4 A2 ]6 C" n, ~
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 x8 N9 a6 @+ L* b x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 u+ @* Y0 j1 j M3 zgel should be asked of the family members during
* z9 P4 }, b, s/ D& W/ }. X5 fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 p2 K4 N3 o' Q, S2 ?( Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' t3 y( i: n) E+ l& n8 L# mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- |' ~: S( Q5 ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 y2 }' I1 T f/ @- L0 Q6 ?# N7 k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% B$ r8 Z5 V4 j% ]8 u3 C$ j4 _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! p `; ]" P0 n0 w% C! j. G" @
investigation. The primary care physician should be5 i& i1 w5 @/ X/ f% k
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 x5 @ [. X" m9 e9 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; k( e$ U6 s7 N& P8 k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: B5 |5 P2 t9 v/ }) rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ ^2 {+ h, L9 A) p1 W$ e7 |0 xfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. u( C# P, N$ z+ w. _one using any of these products.
4 C( [1 c0 d" sReferences
Y! S' h. y' a l: e5 Z; i; P1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* H$ L8 D: }: W+ @; Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
v! j# S9 V( A4 gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 h& V) _/ o+ H# o, K2 W. T# I
2002: 565-628.8 s+ G& \, k: I$ O5 o% [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# W+ x) z, p W3 T! ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|