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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 ^# x; t6 e+ Y* o P8 i3 L8 i8 ~
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! ~, U3 K+ C6 G) {% @
Exposure to Testosterone
2 F4 d/ m' N! b8 x/ e' l$ L2 q6 DSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
% u) B5 ^* ~. P5 |$ Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 Q3 T# A" P) @7 H4 O9 S; Q
Clinical Pediatrics
/ }; c+ U; V5 j. p- dVolume 46 Number 6
) S( O3 v' O5 R4 Q1 m4 mJuly 2007 540-543
6 w* M7 h9 x8 G© 2007 Sage Publications
1 E% D* P3 U+ b1 Q7 A" S8 t. P10.1177/0009922806296651* q9 F" x* ?0 D! K
http://clp.sagepub.com3 w' s) p& U' U$ d( D8 Q& V
hosted at2 a2 d" Q7 v j0 {
http://online.sagepub.com
$ w; ~) I9 V4 F1 `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: c* s3 g Y2 ?5 P; |( `) ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 F; E' s/ X1 ^- eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: e7 i ^0 V0 v8 f8 N) v
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% o& F4 F& @8 j& D+ a7 m( d4 Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 C+ t" ` E5 }, w2 C; Q; Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 \7 a3 j0 d6 q3 U( _3 D5 {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 [, [. @7 |" M% l( o, y o- s
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# ] e3 p! `/ `( I$ r5 ^
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) ~7 i) K) d- L. G$ treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( G7 k+ N9 D' U) B R2 }
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 A: c) B+ ^$ r+ Wment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 W) [* m" ]) I5 F1 u$ E5 e' V
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% l6 s) H( F# ~7 I6 E
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ q% `2 y6 a( w6 }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 F* U7 C6 d( d8 Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, d& b7 [5 y- r/ P( h2 @( Dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- G% d9 U1 D( K# X( g7 p; y& A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
b' c0 l9 y _! K) f+ D& gliterature.4
- K" I5 v! ~7 b" B. ^6 }9 cPatient Report
% P7 q0 D( P+ Z zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% ^/ ^, s) ]+ t3 R- P0 _2 Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 @( l( K+ d6 m3 I1 ?of early sexual development. His mother noticed& o: f8 t2 w5 p; @$ {. ?# {0 O
light colored pubic hair development when he was
; U5 U' D& M L( B7 A9 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! g- W/ ]# W" r q4 g9 W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# {/ ^; c5 l6 k9 p8 w WAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,9 [" k: C5 a1 B9 `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' v' h, f! N' g( H' H4 o
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 ]5 i/ _ w9 U" j4 Te-mail: [email protected]., y- g2 K/ y% ^# v% \% Z0 i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( U, b0 A2 R/ V- u. k1 d
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 w- {4 M0 l" V" K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ^' ?$ F' |' w; p: A" ?! R) c6 nwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with V" a6 e3 M! }
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 o6 }% _* h \& v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 f% d* P! |8 {6 r1 t
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ W. d& O4 f, G2 @4 I, V% u7 q6 P! N& a! Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' y# h3 U, P! \! D
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 Y+ w/ l0 F4 m
was age appropriate.
$ i0 @ J# h J0 s$ A h; r2 ~- i- qThe family history was remarkable for the father,% B7 e$ X+ Z! c: T9 [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* B1 L. X! P. h% j( S$ kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# E D1 n" l+ E# A5 U4 i
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 K4 j I4 x0 L9 N5 S5 U0 y- Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
U: h+ J+ ^! \+ AThe father denied taking any other medication. The, M. V9 e1 m" D* [ ~5 h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) S' p1 T( I( |8 P/ k$ }1 h' o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( h' `: m7 z: T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* n# e( y7 j# V; B) y1 L* R1 {
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, B. {8 ?! I1 ytives. There were no siblings.
~- t4 f5 z/ D. D/ jPhysical Examination
" |- ^: L; c' b% i9 m, QThe physical examination revealed a very active,
& t3 K. c# B! q% F! u* ]9 Iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 |8 Z: W6 x, v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 E2 D9 x3 @4 `% S! w# O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; a0 n6 H5 O6 _- }
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 m u% z: K. M7 x7 ]
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; w# n2 \" F9 N6 `- Cthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. j# C) N& F/ ]7 w5 F
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, ?9 F1 M/ S( }2 y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ R7 `8 i7 ^* o* y6 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 @4 }+ n) ?- i0 s4 P- gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ J$ e0 k" p: h, ^
5406 Z7 m# o# t& h6 w/ U0 R' W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) m; K8 E% J" x3 I, S/ ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- [: l! n+ \! ?( n* P- f0 x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 j8 c! y; Y, ]/ Q B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- Z4 c" D. K. R# goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 e5 ~8 }) D: E, ?7 g" L7 ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& l! V0 U6 g9 B1 w. |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 s" @7 U# S5 Q" K# Z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; f3 q" q5 }3 G' z6 Q! P
of papilledema.4 j- p$ C. C$ H0 a
Laboratory Evaluation
( G7 x4 e0 g/ U2 i6 O7 nThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 Y) S4 w& z( N5 _+ }
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 g$ |1 L$ y6 ?- j6 y, V" ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 {1 a& q" z& c* n3 G% J' Pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ S( _" L: I# ^! B R8 ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: \7 I. _: S( n$ Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 S! Q) }4 i- X- p& ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ `5 g3 A) ?4 [2 @2 d Aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. E- D3 B2 D s) u- k! p1 hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
4 r8 K6 z+ g+ S/ hof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* N3 P' K: ]7 P; N
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 q& f! d( T+ }3 @# Lng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. J/ v9 u# l1 l% h6 G/ `( B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 F9 x- T( k4 ~" {/ w5 ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' Q5 P, O- p! e; o7 C# a9 k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ `% c1 S; f* g, J4 }. w. jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 L) U ]1 |0 @- Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 }7 b7 E) E& j/ r9 k! V$ G( J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 W0 x. l* m9 Yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
_# I$ j8 t+ f2 B. u: r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 C/ U! a7 N1 W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. w6 _& X( q3 b2 U" K" j# [5 K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# w3 {- s" x+ s(prepubertal).: k; w9 S( c. C6 m$ {8 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory* z8 E& z: A, y
results and were informed that all of the tests were& W% Z& T- S7 n& V2 u& U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# [" r; g) {" z& H
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 N$ C* B4 c2 y; r. a3 j5 oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* y n! j* @* M; w, j; v" W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) H! h% K9 a. \* N" V) p: m; APhysical examination at this time revealed that the7 R k1 l; b ]; z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ P- ], ~" V: s" S5 E
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 S1 l% N8 e, _8 H$ v, Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' _" T# c4 [" t7 i# }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% V- \# @6 d4 t0 Q% H0 uthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; S! q' a1 L+ O: B
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ @8 l1 H7 G, w6 R! x$ q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ ]2 o' N/ G u% D; J+ ~* @( x
ing frequent erections.+ k1 V4 h) _1 W+ g, ?9 v
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 T. e4 d5 k# y" E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 G( r- s1 D$ S
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. s9 U6 H- i- D* fTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% i) s8 X" I- J/ [# [7 ?use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 J* K# @& y( ^3 x# p5 V4 t' ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 b' M& e, ]6 q2 y4 Q3 u* |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 w- [1 l% _" ~1 h; _8 yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 v; s* e: F: D% dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# F* ^1 X% ]( n2 ~ P" w
secondary to depression.
7 P( g, D( \6 r/ C* F/ E9 QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 ]8 z m4 s3 [& F# H7 P7 m' ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& y; y7 Q" _' G& Y% a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% F# G7 w4 o/ S% u' f5 a" I: gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 a9 R1 y% `; i1 P( k6 y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 j3 T) @' u T- w6 \1 o
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 t# ?: m1 E( Mwas high, he then read the product information
- O% n H E/ W( ]4 K3 jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 v- B' P. i) |; i/ G% Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% g9 n, }1 |4 e+ U
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ N3 Y! g8 l; D' ~( c0 |. Wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: |& ?6 N/ B" H: P' x% }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 c' E* j$ p+ ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- `$ m% d1 l: W0 a; @. W
laboratory to obtain the test.& X1 p4 Z; X- @/ \/ F, v
Discussion
, t0 A4 h4 x2 X; z0 `+ A) nPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% a% a4 ~6 [( e+ Psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
8 L- ~) I: @9 F5 J& [+ XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' [" m$ c, { f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 p! V) D0 c1 f' B/ u T P( [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-0 C- N2 t7 r# b9 F" y" b
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 S5 v. k/ ?3 E) qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is0 S$ Q' s l) Q$ W, W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" |9 A7 A" [5 K2 V% G
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& R. b% C% y& P: Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( d, W, ]) P! a, Tboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 ~; j: ^# F( |ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" ~9 [' o, U& t% r: `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) ?8 e4 Z, V b( d1 P Z, ^
gonadotropins.1,3- ^- g R$ w( U' ]$ F' H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 ?9 p# l( D7 G" ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* M5 {' L" S$ \1 I" F7 g& randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ g7 } [( D/ o* u! @% wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% p9 M8 e: R b6 l, E
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; ]8 j F5 j1 ]& m4 c6 Y r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) L% c; K8 t- f7 C6 d3 v, N
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 x1 j* e; U) E, w3 ipuberty in boys.3,4
0 j) X3 J' U# J" z3 XThe most common form of congenital adrenal
* ~4 N2 V, R, |. Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' l/ p4 d- O1 P% }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" b$ M( k6 t. B/ \( r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' U+ s) R; Q; S, s2 G& [an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 o: i% B! t7 \5 I" ?excess.1,3
) r. |* ~1 B4 P8 L) f' j! pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ R9 ~# C- j3 S% R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! x9 a# B3 i$ s, F3 _5 C; _ CA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 W& V5 G+ F5 t2 j. s6 findependent precocious puberty, which is also known! C" G$ R2 n% l3 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# I! F4 `5 a- j1 z- T Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 _3 w* P; _ c% K; A, b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ u8 ~+ I* L9 l" Z# ~1 K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; Q3 L- }5 y# o6 J$ h1 H9 ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- k0 U1 |* {7 W9 ^9 Y; O7 k% nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
w' a4 ^, P, |7 dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' ^) p T$ U; O4 {& e8 s
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 w4 @7 A8 g: Z% r+ Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 z% U. a/ y# p
males; therefore, other male members of the family! }9 c: C. j" f% |) A: Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3- V2 z- @& p( U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 U5 P% Q) }% Rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 Z* f3 A- K; ?7 [0 G
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; e- F, ^3 |8 S7 Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, }5 l9 Y7 Y4 v8 u7 B7 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% P. D( k2 v( s( \4 z/ b4 rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ d6 t7 I h; ^7 L( mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 ?% T$ }# D7 q- N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 R; D) z2 k( q5 Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 F' {- A) l, m0 L( e4 m" Q6 `/ R
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 A0 I5 ~8 \: U+ r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 s1 W8 b; ?6 s% v/ r7 Z: Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" q% V7 g, B4 h: G% W3 jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b3 W: t' u1 v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ g5 v+ U) q2 ^2 q( ^the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& L! K! h; `! g, i/ A8 X0 F
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 X' N: Y% }# V) ]& O. Xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: a" C3 L. w+ ~( [! ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 J4 M. Q4 b! M# h) Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; L% d/ s9 r) ^! e/ KDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. W6 z6 }/ m& u
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 x1 L' q9 `, {) @( F3 G. z, Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.8 v8 s) Q+ O# g$ \: H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. c$ F2 ], B/ @2 c }baseline value in those females who were exposed to
! D f Q; e( ?" C+ {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# b: t' m7 h+ {" G9 y" P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ |1 {* x* g. B$ j2 j7 Ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! P& B: ^! T' O' V% i# {
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
G' x0 T% u" L N/ u3 t. `* ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- v: c0 l5 C, F5 C" ]- sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 O5 p+ K& x) Y& v1 u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& o/ {+ o# R% Z# L P4 Mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 _0 p# n2 h, X% j: g2 m1 Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, R6 o5 u: J4 h: N6 }+ }9 ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 h5 Y& p2 O: F7 A$ Z! ?virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 N# I; Y# o" O& Y/ M8 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 U/ l! l: ~9 t, ?) B) m2 n9 Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 ~8 H( h; E% G, m8 ]' {; ]4 b
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% w0 _. C$ u, z- Z g" ~0 iearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 S" k7 Q; D7 R8 l/ O B
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; D2 X' n% D6 G: c7 M# V8 ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos- m! ^3 A$ I4 _+ h3 Z4 s# M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; |( a Y/ G! q9 s- ^acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. m# n' @. W) m! A R0 Lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ p2 i' D3 z. H( Z) e) Hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 }8 O6 ^: G0 s2 h0 j6 @
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& Y3 e/ } b: w, g+ Yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ `8 L, W0 y) Z* w' |& @: t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 h3 f. }5 ^3 x/ ?. nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 M) h# T3 x2 M& L- q8 vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: k- F8 h3 y9 C% ]+ X( U" R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. e& P6 P- S1 \0 |0 p2 ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; S0 Z! o4 v. m
penile length in clinical studies.
+ h) j; ~, m; W+ p7 VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! _! Z' t3 A2 g* n6 {+ @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" d4 Y, V: B2 Utestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! H7 B6 F# d' @: L; o( Y. E! G2 b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% E) B' R6 R. a9 L- B8 X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! y; s9 P' P1 I, L; f( {7 [5 Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* `! K& @: {# W8 U8 O$ r7 j' K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! H0 K9 g4 H: ^ H1 d4 a7 \2 O! K# aheight will not be affected.2 K( X8 @* N. X* t4 @/ K9 d& [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 T+ w% r$ ` F& f# Oability of androgen products in our society may
7 I: z7 h8 w- e! q, M# eindeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ k0 x- a, S0 u) f' ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 l2 E9 r) z& \0 s ]* ?/ ~5 A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 h! i) I, K# @$ Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 h& J1 s! J. `" A6 f
gel should be asked of the family members during
) T5 X7 N7 x( h. dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 B$ P3 T' ~8 A3 xilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- x4 d6 S. b/ i* T$ [2 S( ~; B. `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# v% X6 i# z* C( wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& d. E g) {1 Y) j2 U: X
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ I. j* L9 ]) z# U5 ] a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 n6 i6 |+ M2 n7 ]1 L4 b$ d" {+ J5 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 F& u" y- ~, ~8 y: P: E: F2 a
aware of this fact, because most of these children
/ ~! B1 g) X& R, M. imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, Y6 t3 }' H7 r3 Y. _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! U, D8 L9 N" r: l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 q, f! Y# m: [; G- l) V: J+ c% Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
" ?3 j$ M# J) m- ione using any of these products.+ Z" V |9 y; y; A* V
References
\0 ~+ l7 [4 \# f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% r: V- \/ ?. t, I6 b5 V+ Z; h
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# T$ F% `( v+ U5 @ r4 |
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! U9 i" c ]* \4 F6 z. {2002: 565-628.
7 H+ g' a' H# |: x. l+ a; ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, C/ u$ C' Y& B- Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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