WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% G( y! m9 P. m0 X! J' ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ f! l( ?: M9 x$ SExposure to Testosterone7 R: b2 J) p4 ^) d7 N$ D) ?+ W* N
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  ^. N; p2 ?* Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
: M1 T# L# {/ X) m; E" u; ZClinical Pediatrics* X1 H6 c5 ?, w5 u- }
Volume 46 Number 6, o, ]( y: i, Y5 f) e' i
July 2007 540-543
" Q' B6 K% w' r4 ~© 2007 Sage Publications1 m) V& |7 C( {3 p; @
10.1177/0009922806296651/ O9 r+ d- `- S$ Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
. E. g& q  c2 O/ E- z( H6 Jhosted at4 p4 T5 O" ^) Y( X
http://online.sagepub.com
8 U" g) y$ H4 P# p. pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" ?) g! }+ ^9 y# t' w0 \is a significant concern for physicians. Central" o$ ?- l4 q6 Z% M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% F+ {& i+ G+ [- D, j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' e& U+ p2 {% ^, m( f1 F( M7 J
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ ?6 c3 y" v6 _7 i. |
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 x$ b/ o7 _0 E" S0 y" B
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" Q/ F0 r" _1 H  `  ~* F- A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 C' U5 n, R. D$ y" K- G8 C  bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- n3 S" t$ L# t3 [+ ?4 treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. {) Q) m* k- Y! ?3 I  y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; t! o) E1 }7 B# F! f6 L* \
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ A, `  N; O  K# ]& ^: \7 e. q% wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: A  @. l. V1 d  w- K$ B; gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ X( J" D# Q9 |7 e) X
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ a, t4 \) U' B; m4 y' S  schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 p" O$ n; v+ Y6 B8 ^) ~1 `
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* [' s! z, R) e5 }: t
bly more common than the rare case report in the
! S1 C$ z8 E! l4 K* \literature.4
. y5 n4 o6 b, @! g! _# YPatient Report  X3 m# t% \9 `4 e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 C8 r9 h# o9 ?0 u* e0 @6 J
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 L  Q7 p9 @" }  o# A* M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 ~* n- l% M* P) f+ Z- c
light colored pubic hair development when he was
; v' K8 Z, d) hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
  ?$ y- p, R3 p- M- W, gSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 O3 t& E5 F+ n; @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( t  o' d9 W& T/ u& k: Q3 @. AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 y7 _& L) l. g" e; p* b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 l6 n9 I4 f8 V4 g; I
e-mail: [email protected].2 m2 J* d! v  B9 ]# l7 k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" Q+ b& X  u2 W1 i. `
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ [! z" Q' h. S( ?( oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- I! A; M- Q9 V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* `4 u  ^3 ?% ?% S
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% ~1 k, _# |2 N+ x5 v! L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( x" |  ^! W/ p; H9 H3 ?) F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; t7 _8 k! Q8 e' D) @6 r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ ]5 i4 J  v6 k" ?& T5 v0 k$ ~4 W. ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 [) e- p" P) [' v- n) n2 U
was age appropriate.
' G. C( [8 l+ o/ q" `# _3 O& RThe family history was remarkable for the father,: ^" Z2 `9 {! r4 z, j0 p  @
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 d2 Z2 B  ?' O& C8 _- Ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 ~6 X" r% q+ I  O- Z3 jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 G# S* G6 Y# G6 M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' M2 w8 p  c# `% U4 V0 g9 TThe father denied taking any other medication. The
  y5 u5 @8 i. @0 {6 c! Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 {. K3 l1 T) D9 c/ v" s% v+ t, w! Xwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 N7 Q! O7 t) }' m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: a0 ?7 p/ Q3 C0 J% z( ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 C/ D5 B3 d; B8 n; g
tives. There were no siblings.
# b+ J6 p7 m6 L. y) F0 }6 ZPhysical Examination
$ d- o) S# e; oThe physical examination revealed a very active,
& {" {( ?/ A, y3 [! V9 ~5 |* y; R/ xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 J' h/ g5 M) i: r1 F8 v* Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
* L- x. P. e, z- G- h' @4 v90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 F7 |8 {+ w* l/ _/ V# e# u* U(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* \* P& u; a  Q/ I0 d3 K5 s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# ]+ O5 e. |5 |1 C& {9 h& J$ T
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% |$ s: Y2 I6 W7 P
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 o& n6 b# C6 z, C* ]: O$ H1 W4 Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 B+ p5 M5 c8 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 j  j* g6 m# `* E* O* z2 ^+ w# }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" y% u9 I, x5 C4 Y' H0 F540
& v8 K4 `% _  {9 _1 o$ D" w  {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 k  }+ v9 y. L% Q% R, {7 w/ lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' F- @, o% L# z# p" M5 M( a! V5 I5 m
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% ^+ F+ Q$ [8 \4 T2 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 j' B, I. f! s. a( k- hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! t- y. `' X) H/ a/ ^( E  M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; `$ K, a* v$ w' }5 A5 X, j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( p6 X% g+ e1 ^' o8 W  Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 ?4 W/ u( @) S! k' P! _
of papilledema.- L: U+ U& U+ `5 ?# ~2 e
Laboratory Evaluation9 j- P* G% O# r7 y2 ?
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* N4 ^) J6 ]+ u( D; Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, }) o' k! j$ ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ e4 Q4 |2 _* G% B" u" m  lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 L% Y0 M$ J  ^" ]& H& n. [showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 X$ W& s% I) @8 G
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- H9 U. J) s; K+ N" kThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& s- ]/ t7 e% G' H+ J; v; b' |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
, u. u9 B- Z" c- [0 v! owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 A$ V$ J2 g$ i, L/ q) \7 h; ^of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( C$ [% x5 i4 U2 y( z3 @1 `, n& S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: q# `  O, `0 e. A% \4 [& C$ ^ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 K9 ^/ P4 b- Wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 `. B1 n/ I9 u. {: ^7 xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! @* p% ]6 V, U7 w9 e
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& x. J$ [* X8 a: _# x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& U4 l& p8 N3 X  W8 M. V/ X
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  g( J4 B6 V. _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. x& ~5 d5 t' d6 t  P& n" K1 i
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- b5 z! G' W( p5 h& w$ c* Z& v5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* H5 a% b( W* R* D' O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ y9 o" D; Q: qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" \8 ?, ^4 x, [# a! I6 Q
(prepubertal).
6 L4 s+ s; `5 H6 Y2 A( h  jThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 W/ D8 e0 |$ ?) S& I8 U0 j/ e8 T
results and were informed that all of the tests were( t, ^5 Q$ T# F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ s; T3 e" X" t: Wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ]* B0 t/ C8 H' s5 }obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! x, q  m5 V* w* J  B' w3 h
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 O5 F/ D- {- {" H2 a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
$ X4 N$ J0 Y) G! Xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 l7 w5 P1 ]' r8 ~/ l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' O; d- K- z* v7 lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  E1 W& G2 V9 {! S% _1 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 K6 p+ A/ H0 \, x( p
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% Q# u0 ~& w7 Z1 \$ l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 p0 J  M& V4 r1 n' e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( f7 _/ X) J7 [' ?+ ging frequent erections." Y% \* T% l0 s6 k
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 _& F' m5 b& g' Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ f1 d. g! i' A, h
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 t6 x2 H/ O( V: ~$ J4 o8 zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) Z( r' U+ s$ b/ R. z: L6 K
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. W; C) n/ W! S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 P: N, Y( F- u. e% [, \! Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 C9 s& w% y; S2 l6 Z& Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
1 R- J+ a/ F- Tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; Z+ t2 Q6 \/ ^9 v5 j) ]3 j# }2 L- w
secondary to depression.- `+ x! H, e4 }) ?) _  ]; T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.) v/ L5 \$ U5 ?, g4 r! o* J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. P( g0 ^; A% Z, M0 w
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" R; t6 s5 J, e) {" _/ ?3 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 ~+ z4 }$ h3 ?3 z- W) r1 @1 y; EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
  E  [4 q: x9 x7 z! ?when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 h+ L5 @( ~- z9 y  p9 ]8 `! Pwas high, he then read the product information
$ B$ a1 C0 Z8 W/ Dpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 k9 s1 |; C! O
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" r4 i0 ^& m0 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 G  Z+ U" s- ?9 rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had% r! ]% M2 v' Y6 i9 |7 S
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' K) ^$ T9 b! G6 ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 F7 G! ?4 l3 H+ L7 Z6 C2 a5 n9 K
laboratory to obtain the test.- O* e+ j  U" b  l2 K: D
Discussion$ W$ I8 R) R3 ?3 a5 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! g6 ~3 F8 A& D9 j* t; R/ ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 N4 b4 W( D3 _6 r  {
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 G2 s5 p% _% z: \" p# v3 ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' h- A7 }2 f7 F6 ^8 R7 A  j; _/ N! T1 [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ V# y7 t- s3 s; e* p! J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% p& h6 _8 p, x0 p( E1 H3 S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is3 ^6 O0 V6 [9 s% |* ^  r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. W2 \* Y: D8 a: R  c  B! `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, S2 }4 t, J. K
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  k1 G8 ^8 V2 R/ qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  f& K* {; V( j+ E" ?. Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. `+ @- n1 k0 ?  [, w  L( Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* L( Q' H: `; ^/ p/ ogonadotropins.1,32 q) z' [& Y+ }$ N
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# x; K/ c7 u) l& P* `; z- |) ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 M5 c! o; h9 J% tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( Y* O" m) w7 C: ?: A0 X5 @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( e: n$ k- t8 N- _' g$ [
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! p5 I. ^/ `: B. [4 e; H+ gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! \2 M' b  b( p: r" W$ T6 I3 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' M, ~- @' O! T; L8 z6 p# @0 Npuberty in boys.3,4
& B( a& q, r" z- Q- `; K# Y" IThe most common form of congenital adrenal# M. l! I7 ?9 N0 K/ r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 m; [, E' I/ |4 h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; F) ], c& M, ~# F0 y* Y/ P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 A8 P  W9 w. z8 R" \( x
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( e7 F; e9 M% P  Rexcess.1,38 f, d  I* ?  s7 r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 F0 _3 L; ]* U( s9 x: ]( y! |
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. x( i% V# \9 a  F8 R* B0 HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ p4 z8 k6 {0 `  w2 Nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
* y& D9 ^9 e: q% B) q6 z) C7 c1 O# G$ Las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ [& |: Q9 b! [* M( W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' w2 i7 v+ ~% i1 s3 w# a9 {3 V# {) ^
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 q! H0 G3 i# J! tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  i3 ]1 Q' B1 d! iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; g/ l9 p0 e$ k$ x; F8 j6 xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: A" T! C, Z3 `( E8 {# A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  {7 v* V1 n/ ~$ Y9 X' h# g. Areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 @: I: q) h6 {2 z8 aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 b7 _& i/ ^, nmales; therefore, other male members of the family3 {) [9 P# i' e
may have similar precocious puberty.3- y# _) a. G0 [! B
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 z5 v& C/ I7 y# F2 M4 n; ]8 f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) k  u) T$ P# P' ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! I& J9 E$ N5 F7 G- p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- Y8 v7 B0 O7 e9 Y$ A: T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 O& b- h1 d1 R+ M+ u! V: h8 stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the2 j8 S1 N4 b1 k! }
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" j! p$ K* d! N" i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' }6 k; k8 X( `; Y* D- fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; |$ T+ g: Q. S) P3 q+ L3 V* Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, y* `1 M# [, X# y; `
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; Q9 {$ Z7 |! [$ N! D9 X, B* eing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" x, o( B& ~  c- m/ w, x. p8 W3 d5 hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. Q8 c& j% K! g% x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- I& T- u8 ]. X- ]. v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- F# {1 k5 }6 f3 f6 Q9 `pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# n; c% |- K  x5 e5 A6 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& c1 x( c2 r' z1 A& L% o2 G
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- ?. z, S5 F" e7 w8 P, Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# w& d1 ^  X- ]9 r5 ?
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; j& {' N% ?* f7 V! H$ @
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. ]) X5 m. l+ y; \2 _4 `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.: ]2 d) ]! _5 Y7 e; v6 y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. `/ B: ^* k& c3 A, ?0 z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: M  r0 @' L7 e2 X! i4 Yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& ~4 N# [4 c! V* t+ j- Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 `- b2 X8 O: X; [' o# k' Dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ C: M3 F' l. FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 }: b$ x' m2 p7 J$ {' d% p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) Y4 I5 L6 Z7 u! [+ E, W  Ddermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" n. a+ i, P7 ~- B& b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* |, E+ B2 v! c' `/ r$ a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 }: h. @. ?3 Y& }- b  sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' A% F8 n: y, Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% N! S4 M2 y$ I6 K9 Kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ N( m+ A5 S  M. ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" c# L& h( V3 Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 A3 }4 ?8 y. t! g; o) z& h) {, h- hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during! ^$ B# x+ F6 z4 J6 u5 e
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 ?* f) E3 d" w' j" S; V6 Radult height are not fully known and always remain) R* T$ I) B9 u* \
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 P6 R5 ?3 i& U9 J, B1 X. A
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 p9 f9 b# A" H' I; H8 P3 E
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) [6 k0 O8 U) h" j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 A3 w! F, y/ a" u; h# u+ F  ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 ~4 Q; F) y$ m5 rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: P3 R8 p: F+ ]( C7 h# qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& M  g5 U1 v, y% d+ M/ a- m$ R# Y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 [7 x' F6 j, F5 l. t3 hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- V3 ~- \& Q" T) F* P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# l# j8 x) |% h: i4 fSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' t) S. v7 B$ Z' U4 _; Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: D# I* I/ }8 P, p) Q
penile length in clinical studies.0 ^5 j& ]% {" s2 V2 A/ \2 k
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, o, `$ ]' w4 P! T' P! ~9 xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 W. T0 ]8 l, s, v9 h8 o7 V  {
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 d! b& W3 S' E1 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& z4 {0 y/ R" z+ w, e
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# j3 d/ B9 c4 v6 K0 W9 jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 |, O' Q* Z8 a6 D- W; f0 M0 Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( S' i' |+ M+ \( k* ~9 e& \) {
height will not be affected.
  X4 M0 ?; d1 Y: GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 Q2 s  d  @- r0 v4 M1 a
ability of androgen products in our society may; |; w  r6 S9 t4 b/ G
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
! N9 u3 l. m$ z( a1 _: y4 g" t' bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' H& g9 ~/ e( J, b" Rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
# [, G) P' o( d# C# ?/ J: g8 m" gtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 I: x- T, Y/ l% _gel should be asked of the family members during
6 R- s1 M0 m& [  p3 Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ m. Y) z% [3 _, I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 v, t4 _! Z5 vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 |4 s6 C- m1 v: R& f, \appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 J( Y2 i5 G$ }. X. _1 {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 P0 c- ]& N# p" T5 o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% J2 ~# _! _) c" ~$ oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* y$ _* d, R7 c' h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 \# r) E5 T% G( ?may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! _! {, h* y& H) A  }0 c9 LDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! R- V: N" W8 T: Q0 Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 n+ o5 x5 R; k4 sfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 a8 J% T9 |% F3 ~8 I8 J. q
one using any of these products.
  K, ~7 e$ N9 q) ^* {. ^& O. hReferences7 G# D$ f4 c+ y! A1 I' ~9 @! p
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  t# Y) i, X' F$ {
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 H& n! Q' k$ @' O* |7 Z& j9 h; [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) p6 i& j6 V: B2002: 565-628.
# Z* i* E" ]# V. Q* F$ w2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; [6 y2 n+ H! w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- P9 r7 }. c+ eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical' ?% X# m: L5 s; P
Exposure to Testosterone8 r' l: n6 h9 F& l
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" I( y" L1 m' L$ H- cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; X0 \  R* B0 k) v2 N* o; |2 q+ UClinical Pediatrics
0 P3 l8 m( A6 c) J, HVolume 46 Number 6, g8 P2 X  {# z# r/ O& P
July 2007 540-5439 E* f* P9 i4 e; t# S
© 2007 Sage Publications/ w/ l9 x& y& }+ J8 H" Q8 Q
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 q8 Y- h4 c& ]http://clp.sagepub.com
; O" }2 b5 I5 S/ I* lhosted at1 U9 i+ ^! q* c9 I
http://online.sagepub.com( r; x! z. J1 M5 O! r9 l; x5 q4 {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: G  V4 j7 k: i" C
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# S7 J& \" m- D! M$ m2 Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: f1 |( |: C3 L5 T: ]- c# cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; z: X& e: M. A+ ^2 N; b8 c) ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
! J+ Y- ~  ^% s1 mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
' o: D) g, v7 Y- \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ P. j9 }$ a: J8 J" V5 R0 E
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: P1 U% R  k" R3 ?" c
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# |5 `! |8 Q: [5 k8 U# J! Q! h% l
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) k6 y" t7 p4 O' z' f. Q, N/ [
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 Z1 v$ w! }  }8 {+ c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 _  a7 ]6 d1 N
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 u" F+ V( {. X  O$ T$ Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-- p' h$ E2 l* Q
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( R, X# g+ }2 B6 O/ k! H% Achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, ~5 @3 F* l, n. m( J3 gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 r  I3 L) c2 j" _& p
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 |* R8 _. `( O5 d: x
literature.4. u; v& p- T1 d  s  X% J' j
Patient Report% ~) ]) m* {" ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, G# Q# m* U9 G
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 Q1 }% r5 d: u( h4 {( f8 ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 X, g- Z- z* o3 O3 w6 Z5 W5 \
light colored pubic hair development when he was1 [0 H+ u0 C' w+ Z6 G* p4 F2 j
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 Z3 E- G/ f# ]' b* H
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' h5 A3 u' o9 D* Z7 }  K, ?( qAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; M1 V! ^4 O# ]5 v. `( {Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 F# W3 b7 b6 tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 M  @/ \4 a' f3 U5 k
e-mail: [email protected].. ?+ S4 l7 q8 D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( Z4 L& t  w' Y* s8 R: \6 a/ p' ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) g2 W: q. c, n6 Tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: D! D5 M! ?, B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( Z9 E  j4 }' u8 N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' {# d( S. h7 o+ a
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 c7 a  Q7 W- w. c. J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
( L0 Q6 H) z* `( k8 a1 msolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 B$ M, a5 m9 H9 ~8 d$ v1 \- t5 Y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 s$ J) P8 g1 y$ r2 Owas age appropriate.
1 A* S( A8 ^! QThe family history was remarkable for the father,: r+ s2 A+ W) F
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
# T" `& c- p2 u( gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: W' Z& L- o/ @+ uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ o3 J! p, o2 E5 D! [- H
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( d' f7 Z* g) }8 |2 B
The father denied taking any other medication. The8 G# T, F0 y* y1 F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ k5 Y: ?& H- J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( J( I  H2 c$ i' o. d! w5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 o4 g* i9 |& |# {- P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. Z2 P- P5 ~. Z# ?tives. There were no siblings.
) x3 z/ V% C8 T- FPhysical Examination- k$ `6 Y' r8 Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) `) s' n  F- B$ H+ ~( x1 Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' [% Q  ~6 c1 i' M2 y# X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& }5 s. e( }9 u% M0 e/ i# M; r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) W. r  C) R& {  U# y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 V* e2 C3 Y! y3 b5 A
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  C$ J; B7 h9 p" Q9 u9 sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& w' V; N3 e" P+ Y3 @6 f2 RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
- L& ^/ V1 E5 T8 Z/ |: nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- i+ D( J4 L$ O7 s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 j6 }' E: L7 p- z, Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. {; m/ T  n  t) V' x" h$ y& B540
: D( }0 {* @& a) Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 z1 A$ K$ s& G% w/ o/ C* Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. Y. i- }4 o7 c, g$ i. j8 ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  r, E" v9 J' D( ^
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' t% A* S: F0 b7 H, S$ `6 Y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 u% r! N3 P: d8 M  Dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ h9 T* j8 d; d: t/ K% c0 XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 r, b, X, p1 i2 X  N
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# C9 K4 M' |! v+ n  e# f1 Iof papilledema.
. g- s# j: [/ K7 jLaboratory Evaluation& o% e6 e" \! x+ {( O- g" B) }* z' t
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  B2 }# q* C2 }  K5 x* Y; yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-' O9 ~$ h) N) ]7 y) Z1 M. X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- F* K) S/ b* G7 Jkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# b4 [$ V) t0 K( c* `showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# _. i0 T- L+ C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., d1 J6 b3 t  P
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 I& P% \) i! c) |* U6 [  j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& F& Q/ Z# I. Z1 fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration9 @6 R1 ?  g2 {1 I1 S5 I
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 l( Q4 k$ V, p3 S# V6 f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 p; r0 o0 I. N: K- U' }# qng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! Z* [. V8 F8 a# \# v' D1 |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. c' `* m( e  S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 K. U2 [2 |* y9 B
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' H& R9 @: K2 M& y2 c, h: Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 y$ ~# M4 j9 b3 |, e$ z1 ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ ^. _; [4 v: I* m6 ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; `# q. t; w5 f  a, h8 V6 T; ~! Q5 }and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 P+ @3 s. B9 a/ d5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  ^# [( _8 z1 w- `! Jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' f" Y0 K7 o) ~, M) h9 u2 Y& ]' x# Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL& u! h% ~4 l  ]5 C) j
(prepubertal).
  ?( e1 p2 F# r, d, R* z* ?/ X" FThe parents were notified about the laboratory
7 X" Z- X3 X1 a0 N& Oresults and were informed that all of the tests were8 [) R/ A( h% ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
/ s5 E3 f- g7 b6 H7 ffollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* w: w3 R: ~% ]( y9 h  Hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 H5 b8 ^9 m: c  a6 S0 F* h% rever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# P3 x: v2 G& @  g; L6 K7 v: v, BPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
9 ]( F9 z' Q" q& b% W" f' V6 B2 c2 zchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
' C: D5 v" N% b. x! Z- f8 a2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! ]& ~) O" V4 \unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ W/ {- a3 J& {! c- @pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 I/ ]6 Y% I. s9 Q( ^) a' [! z/ U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 ]- J5 r" z+ i) C! T9 bmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, K+ m& N* [- B) C3 d7 E5 F6 @The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, j& s4 t9 k, ^
ing frequent erections.) i5 }5 i5 M; J: Z$ L
Both parents were again questioned about use of
* A( f/ {& w" R8 z" u) Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. i0 N3 Y/ D, F8 C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' T5 P2 M- m- n: l% E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. Q( [7 n) s: E+ cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. B- i' Q/ ~- i) g
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ [5 z5 Y3 z" i5 t; v. J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 d" N9 t5 T! L2 P& oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" T0 \( W3 T5 c5 |/ I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 d1 Y8 }8 n8 W% f7 V* _$ _# l4 nsecondary to depression.
) Q4 ~! f) e, kThe child slept in the same bed with parents.9 O0 s% K* g: f2 U5 Y4 f7 a& B
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( n! l* R3 j/ s3 x
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ K: r& K% \, C" f! \4 Z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& K& ~) ~8 [- @4 n$ A+ {! D4 w
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  J$ B/ f( X$ Z" R3 v0 R; b$ Y/ Swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& r# t$ D  N$ r/ D) bwas high, he then read the product information* P3 }9 W! E. G4 W: B% Q; t6 q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! B6 H3 I, F1 o+ z5 t
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 T3 |5 R7 q: b" V7 X, adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 i  h$ q* H& M5 E" T0 ?: qfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 B8 F9 Z; d; g, X$ p: M$ T1 k
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 u  n. X) h- Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 e0 s$ L, j5 d, L0 X2 B
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ M; l1 o- e# x2 a# Z' cDiscussion
7 L) y% |. _$ n' Z7 GPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) q2 C6 I3 Y  h6 Z9 I  ~3 z  }: Dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 V5 |- @. D1 x9 ]% k
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  `  \8 v4 b' G9 [9 G/ Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ w5 O7 j! L$ M* V' G5 _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ c, K( R3 F6 B) Umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" ]+ A: N+ S& J% ?& hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
! C: \  T) N0 D7 p' rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) j: \6 _9 L0 i9 T+ U+ P. Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& j2 i6 T' }) z9 E+ \3 Jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* z2 [" T# C/ u4 O7 G0 Q& E
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
: I1 P5 J$ m8 t3 Z1 gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; z8 K) e* j' _* [
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
; R+ f: p3 t) Q7 G* jgonadotropins.1,3. h% U# ~, J2 W9 K
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ B$ r) X9 X" d5 K* X: k7 }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& {- Q1 ^! f& C- z; Zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% C3 [% j- r' Uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: M# y0 `% g, [$ C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 n8 s7 @' T- m# b+ |3 Y0 `8 d  g; Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) ~6 c0 b! e* c/ _, y0 C) g% Z5 S1 h! Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 b; s. a  ~* Y9 opuberty in boys.3,4
! c9 H2 k9 T! d5 `. U/ ~. f9 NThe most common form of congenital adrenal
' T1 v" o: ~5 I- N2 O% l* fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# V4 O% y7 B% _! N. ?: m( oThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: `( w$ d6 L9 C9 G( a8 n5 oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," Z+ q: M9 O& \" }: a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! X, J' T/ q% u! y: g' Yexcess.1,3
9 A! @, x. A+ D& C* t2 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 g, p4 m0 `* P( `5 W, g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) h1 w/ j8 D$ n, a! o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* {7 b4 ?8 `8 h% j
independent precocious puberty, which is also known1 D- |5 c4 i) Q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 k; q+ [( Z+ a' Q) V0 L, |& Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 \9 a5 [5 Z/ swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 `9 i5 o. ^& H1 E: zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ K' D) N2 t+ @" O: R3 R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& d# Z- }) d  K0 Nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 @" N- u7 [$ D
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ i  d8 ?, R) s' g
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 `$ c" Q9 |7 e3 Q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. o$ F& K& t( p( i+ @6 nmales; therefore, other male members of the family  u7 v5 G/ s5 ]
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 x" F# L' `" G5 V+ \In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# w( A3 p4 _' S( M3 a, N6 Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 A1 v$ j& ]7 K4 }+ e3 @9 l" m7 lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 {% J# C/ W1 a1 qwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ v- c# ]2 n  ?$ k7 Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) x1 x) a6 T! E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the+ _; V* m2 {, u; e& @
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ \/ V0 Y& d% j6 w- A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  W6 P: `' [3 r; Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 v5 d& I$ ?* g9 ^5 d" X! H5 A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; e) I8 a) R; @/ H! \$ a' D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 _7 |# b- U% D% Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
$ X# d6 N2 y+ C) ?) IThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ ]4 H0 j$ a4 x2 H- X' O% ?. d6 O3 ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 n2 ?  e5 U$ z2 z6 Z5 T0 @the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 y5 y: Y' P) B3 B% x: ^pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 }3 B% D$ v4 ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) b1 X+ d9 y7 s8 x4 W2 ]8 xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 d$ T- y# F, _- D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& i: C  Q' d8 V, Y! `0 v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  o$ v# \6 T7 c( B4 X# L% C& D( c2 |cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( l6 q9 S, M+ v9 `  e. b; E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! O2 @" F. J" d! f5 E& B9 L8 i
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  m! }( `2 W2 I, x0 i9 t* l
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 P! z. q5 }. D& eeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 T! O; r  y7 h! x  V# Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 h( [! _: V' T/ Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 _2 i) }- P- o/ G8 b$ SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 R) u0 Z" \' |0 P$ H0 ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% w" v$ b# `7 ]- g" gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 ~8 j( O9 _0 P+ z0 y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ D: w( Y4 S$ Q! W. }3 e+ Q* D
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( s0 Q6 J" `6 O$ [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* A% s, j$ W7 N' B9 t9 h2 K! q$ Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  O5 w8 R8 X2 ~6 x. M
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- M$ I, I# n, B1 }! w. \
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& _0 W8 V8 R# @# C0 T1 @9 Z9 w. O/ S! R- O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 {  p" ^* \" ?1 z9 t* A
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 V! `: \7 L% ?3 y& A/ ~
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 Z' n) T8 v3 ^' x9 o1 o, Hadult height are not fully known and always remain
3 `4 [# w+ a3 S- W* La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 i  f$ _- \9 jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) D4 D+ h+ E  s* t) c: U
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: f) U: u, i2 Gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! s5 C* p# @; S4 w5 @9 ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 X2 p  f) j( ]4 S# M$ j8 S: R
There are conflicting reports and controversy
0 T# j: S& R* h$ _% |) l2 Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% |( I4 i# N" F4 t: J( N1 dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 E5 J# |. N! W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ v* r/ L3 Y# @7 ]) julation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. k$ c& T* m5 J0 h# ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, ?1 F+ P7 Y- `7 `. Rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 r2 y* z+ }8 `7 u
penile length in clinical studies.
; [4 g" i! l& `/ nNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ v6 ^2 a$ Y; c" _- l( H) c" Y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( [( V$ x; j" R' o+ O  D0 R. gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 B/ V% ~% X0 q  _$ o* E
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' ~1 L5 f- O2 w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# _0 U( \; U8 `# z7 T, qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 }7 r; l$ Q3 l4 O. r. ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( g& o. ]1 _6 D3 u- @+ g
height will not be affected.. V3 l+ ^2 {  S' B- z6 n& H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  `0 c; `  B4 g. R$ |" R6 o2 j
ability of androgen products in our society may
/ B6 |: E/ E2 s; \% \6 Cindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 l. ?# n8 }5 b! \8 i' `) J/ u% _
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( B. G8 e5 b) q" D  _
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" X4 n% J& n: H& F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. a1 R, E6 J' i5 R6 d2 s, y
gel should be asked of the family members during( w1 R# T) N  @' ?; r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ l' R: K( v8 q" y- W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-! O, {+ i6 k! V7 ?& d+ N1 }( p- u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 q% k( u. C2 M8 ]6 Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 I) u/ H* _& Y0 \
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
+ }" A5 Q2 |; K, g; Z+ j9 X7 ]result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. }( d' U# m4 M5 w& Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ c& X# L8 Y4 J; j# p
aware of this fact, because most of these children( r2 C: q3 b8 @, \3 o1 z# \1 J) T  k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) s) `, x1 h; X7 D/ {& IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ y# t1 i0 N8 m/ j: S3 i& L8 Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 r! p# z: z2 I9 G% T+ n
female child who might come in contact with some-8 \) p% V7 L4 P( Z& t. D  D" n% ^
one using any of these products.( J  a# u. v" D; Q5 v3 }
References
! N7 K; W# @, c; W4 B( D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 I% u/ _3 |' J: Z/ w' Y$ Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( J" W  [' F6 Z+ C+ S8 U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# M9 d2 Z: S5 B+ V2002: 565-628.. m6 s" O7 }! D% A" Z' W3 l! i
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 E0 z9 d+ n% A0 Q- t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
4 c  S( G( y* h- |* k5 k5 M$ I" }
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表