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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 j" V7 x* v+ R1 L) Z% M/ V% X: b1 O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 F8 X1 y- h$ d& eExposure to Testosterone8 O. v2 T( a( W8 C7 D
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
) s' f+ I+ |; y$ _and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ Q  x2 E: h( @3 D5 Z; o2 b
Clinical Pediatrics" b' r; s) ]$ f* E1 @/ B& m
Volume 46 Number 6( g3 w4 M8 Q% R
July 2007 540-5437 k% B2 m; A* p$ S, d5 n) _
© 2007 Sage Publications
: N+ `- \; H3 b10.1177/0009922806296651
! ?# \: m" x/ L  F6 t' w" M# Uhttp://clp.sagepub.com# T4 Q4 M9 i6 Z: J
hosted at
0 v' m4 E5 x5 {2 Y: P1 V8 M7 v* ^http://online.sagepub.com" `' H0 ?, q- v$ N8 u; z3 ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
1 z) U0 _; n( ]1 y: ~is a significant concern for physicians. Central: U/ h! L/ f4 a' O$ T) H" O4 s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 z+ t, A( o! h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( |% R' P/ b: R4 ^) m6 m3 M( W; Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' v' ?9 i8 P9 W# Y: Elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. D: H" s8 x+ T, I# Iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% o/ R& h) Q! S# {8 R" chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ b( n! A/ w3 h! c
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 W0 `* G8 V/ Z. R2 n$ ]" U
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) M3 P9 t: H, c! H
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. R4 S1 S' E; k' N% p, F! T" Z( M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 g1 _: o$ l2 \3 G- _0 q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* [  _) X+ {% |# K2 lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 [1 R, ^  _6 ], U5 @% u2 c* b. fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 d5 m; z1 w) P/ p$ [2 ^% l8 U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# A2 v( p( ?. ]4 T9 Z) ~testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 ]( V+ F% S+ Z6 k2 q) V) Xbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 t& a, D$ m; ~0 p1 gliterature.4. G5 D: ^. O* o7 O$ b
Patient Report0 @, K' }% A; i$ V# g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 f0 @& I3 g3 _" u8 H
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 G3 r- `' ?1 k1 X9 Z9 q2 w
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; r& ^) i# l  J, n: h8 {8 O+ @8 klight colored pubic hair development when he was
) [, i6 Z! ?, D: ^( g. sFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 B& m2 M( Y5 n  X( P7 o/ g. ?
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 Y: b* W2 n7 V9 i" mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) Z0 V3 p/ ]2 @8 k; l; r& vProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ |* a, L  @  D# [/ x
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& T" s. ^- B3 ]- q5 |' W+ V; ]2 Y2 U# R
e-mail: [email protected].$ {; S; D) r& a( ~! n! o$ s
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 L; Q( `4 ?1 |4 l3 }7 `
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. w0 O  j2 G, _& G4 J0 l( qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# |4 u* m" `. b# f
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 Z) L6 A- K& ]! ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ ]4 Y- ]7 M' y2 s( o: w% u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# I: h- [3 [9 Z# a% i$ `: cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  S5 H" z  r" a0 z+ H3 m; c
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 z. I2 c& W% x# L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  J! K' I! U4 t4 Swas age appropriate.$ [0 G& e* H4 t- v) D# \
The family history was remarkable for the father,
) b2 r' B1 e' awho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& R% K. b1 Y& M$ }0 {which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! T- E/ W" _( C4 a* r& Dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! @1 H0 _* }) jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& `6 p3 A! \5 Q4 n7 F
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 y' b' T! Z8 _8 jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche0 W# `0 H* A% j' f, i
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! U1 T' R+ f/ j' n1 \5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ P% K* q  E; N" gcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 |8 Q  w- u- {6 Y) [' g
tives. There were no siblings.
6 ^& J. H! E( r& Y7 Z$ @Physical Examination
/ A6 o1 C/ `5 q% ?- ?& c1 P0 y+ UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
+ x$ E& Z6 m$ vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 A$ Y* M4 @- F$ y  s( ^  o: va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 q0 p2 O6 [" e) E: `5 O) `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 T3 k( n/ J" \' N% c) u
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth0 q$ f# ~' \! a2 \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! g' Y; B' P) n  Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& J2 j: \6 Q% t( T7 f; s: j1 vThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
  z2 ?( i9 x8 fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ c2 A2 V) j5 L6 e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. g( l7 \( L/ n( |: R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 S9 _6 j0 `- w4 F6 ^1 W" [5405 [( d8 f2 [+ w: M: C/ _
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: s/ g: C* T3 z/ e$ T: v% b, s( h+ Ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ Q; `3 n3 c% Y0 |, ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 s/ Z/ q, y4 S( l0 ]$ u8 w; j) O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 ]; q; o2 a4 ]& Q' ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- |6 z, j( K& a' T/ G
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* U' G, D- }: b# y' {8 F5 D3 ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+/ i% b! S6 c; g! M( h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion% C$ w; }3 Z( f" a& Q+ S. Q  ^& X
of papilledema.! x* R- I; w8 K1 A4 z# i4 m
Laboratory Evaluation; f# i( g# o0 W8 Z, d' S- \2 d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' W$ P  A9 o' W! h! {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# c4 b- `  @1 n3 P! a3 l: P! \* V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 ?  h- I( U9 L  n  K2 p
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ U' Y+ U- f( ^% L8 K3 d+ w
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: A5 `2 L+ R+ z9 s- Nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% j; f' d1 U* ]7 t: V
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. X/ ~' ~9 [( D' W$ B* R6 N8 y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 z/ T- {; h. R7 B; ^within normal range for his age. The concentration! W4 e7 n" g( ?8 h/ |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ n5 [$ b: b# }5 N' W1 G7 d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! O$ u$ F4 M5 @; S5 j7 t3 z7 Y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-! E; p  }1 ^* t3 e
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 \+ j( N* Q6 L6 I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 S8 \8 x# M4 r/ H# v8 F6 m- w5 m
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& M9 |( H% ~6 y4 P) Z) U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 G0 w! [- U( I8 c8 R8 B# ntisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 K" q3 w* j: T
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) L# S, @3 }5 k9 M' M9 h' Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 n1 d/ n+ d; G1 i# @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 h) c) `+ @# ]
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 H. @9 m+ [1 j* @concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 J' B# b- _$ I(prepubertal).3 I: O) P9 L& Z% d* B
The parents were notified about the laboratory& m4 F" @. [% n& \6 `7 f
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 G3 x$ _. ]; r) A* O& [# X1 a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
% x) X5 `% x" V9 a; ^4 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# X6 l3 Z- h4 Z" c1 ~5 P" P/ Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  \7 l# g/ u. \* J8 Fever, the family did not return for 4 months.# l: l8 q$ Y1 C# I$ h
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ y8 I8 F, N* s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- e+ I" D4 T' @% J8 s' }
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 \1 h1 Q# D/ `  E! W% X2 k% }$ O" `
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  c; d2 n, U! w+ M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" d' f+ U4 v* pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 U- R- q! k0 E$ V& c5 dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& }( G! d/ X1 _* b' c
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, I# ^8 Z& t' X- D8 p+ ^
ing frequent erections.
& w# P9 }1 B4 {8 I5 B' NBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ I0 [3 U, k( b" f5 u$ C& ^: |
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- p6 E6 U, P' }& J7 T5 Tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 P8 J" z1 W0 Z2 [- h
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! N9 E# c6 L! B" ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! S, s7 X& p) l' Y$ r- P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. B8 R( {4 W4 `+ k$ za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! e' W0 v& n, d  B& nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, H7 `7 J$ p2 u
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- K2 M' m" z  _& X6 S; [' bsecondary to depression.) ]% P4 M" c9 r  g; P: a8 L
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# X- `; Y% E8 f6 Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. ~: B2 f/ |( t) s) H9 i, Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) g6 v/ o# ^# C2 K: n+ \2 D
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( n& ?$ W5 {7 u$ w
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 I/ O+ c$ C; j/ V, q3 u( T
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 t; q! b8 v# Z, Q! J2 Z6 z7 y4 `was high, he then read the product information. X3 _$ e+ j3 l2 ~! x' Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 L; [7 b, ]9 w2 ?! K$ o# vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
) x& N" b: N9 Udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, P9 w- P  n) d+ T
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 t4 S+ I6 M) C6 \% b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; Y4 G  ]3 [; @; O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 X  m8 o( }7 d- s5 w
laboratory to obtain the test.
7 Y" Y6 W# B# ?. G! e5 pDiscussion
) q1 N4 y, D& M6 @. e/ NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- G1 v2 }0 {, c( _- Y3 C& nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 T1 Q$ R. W  O0 V' P+ S0 _  \Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ ~" q0 C1 M7 Tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- |0 R9 o. D0 P, d+ C5 Y3 `: Mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 [9 E2 O; L# i3 |5 C: g4 f9 ?$ Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP$ I4 q6 k5 ^  U& ~
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
3 P6 Q0 i" G  {/ n7 J9 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" g' B) T1 Y- _6 ~& z2 p& H6 Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' c4 f1 a7 E: m# Fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; Z( F0 A1 |0 {1 U+ W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% x7 `: J1 x% m4 {% Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 F1 U4 B- B9 L4 O8 w
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. c/ T' |5 S6 f/ m) mgonadotropins.1,37 W. F" H" }5 U$ }3 b) `: s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 T9 U* e5 ]. M& B* J, w2 t, f& k0 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# S& d/ ?% h7 K$ q/ l" C# ~3 }
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 P) O* ^9 \+ M* _  N9 A+ D
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& b, {2 O2 |5 A2 A. m' hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! u( j8 e. s& D  ?: y' u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ e& I1 E7 ]& Y0 `' c! W0 k
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" z: I6 V/ ?. X: o( E: V: D
puberty in boys.3,4
& l+ e$ z7 r  a8 E0 H8 ^The most common form of congenital adrenal$ v5 W( X$ M. ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. p6 Y4 e+ x% k/ y4 ]; A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& S% C( o: R0 \) ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 b, W* V0 g' o. Y9 fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 K* f2 S, `' p$ j# k( J# kexcess.1,38 k: U! s. i/ H/ u( ?0 g9 U' S8 l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) r; w- X$ c9 }- y/ z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  ^' s9 I0 o2 u+ ]$ D' F
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* }% E0 G& r" \1 G3 e4 q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 `, ~+ l  b. |) m5 cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 m& s* N( P+ V( w; o2 Dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 @# e8 V! [' h) }8 Q; X/ Y* H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,3 i: o% e4 [' n+ N, H
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& I' `1 @5 X; l/ ?$ Hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" j6 E& [" F. K8 Y9 P+ {* `, ^6 ~7 S  F
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' z7 w1 k$ j& B" W' C, xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( Y2 {/ b  q0 f4 d0 H7 Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ C* A* @8 Y! t# J7 t' yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' r) a, c( O2 Y, y4 t/ T
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 m9 V% ]- w6 v8 \- L2 g. {; W4 z
may have similar precocious puberty.31 m) w/ t* Y3 }8 [- E2 P
In our patient, physical examination was incon-  f, _( }& ]3 H( f) r
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" j3 [3 d0 c. K% W
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% ^) n5 h+ z! o! Y9 ~/ Cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 e- m3 e% r( O7 w; K' a4 Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 U, I! ^8 M& N, C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
" i$ n* P# [" G  n  obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ V9 q/ ~  ~+ f
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 k  U( e# [; s% f) e0 w3 q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ \& ^9 L( P1 q0 v  @% W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% p, E( ]/ _$ s1 f4 {/ x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. t8 U3 N3 ?2 k/ i: ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# L. ^1 M" [. v$ h5 @9 ]2 uThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- H- ~6 U  F2 @* i8 t& \$ `: a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 l/ Y7 k+ ~& {: y. u
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  V& h8 ~, C( ^# epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ X$ r- |( C; p/ Udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 B9 M/ G' Y% U1 A: M# W, Oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. R. L) j8 ]/ ~+ c6 k! u7 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 Y  u5 [+ L2 i1 l) j
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: e  l3 q% {: |' Y" b. ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 S. r$ `; X' H3 ]9 c% S" ~! U; Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure." ]# ]% ~$ c8 I& D. S
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' A* T! n$ N, [baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: X2 y$ q0 p: T. q! v! peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 H6 [& l; p+ |
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) d4 o/ i) `# w1 X7 o. a3 Ztion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 C' Q5 M0 Q) y; F& X- z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, T& @* g* @" A) u) K
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( f% S6 u# g& X. y% U- V/ ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  h+ @. H, d0 L, d! A) ]
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' I4 P0 s. G& Y4 S, i! n& ]0 v1 F$ u- A; Vactive in young children exposed to testosterone
4 z% s  m- P4 S& D0 P! cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 C3 G: y6 L- {0 ]- x, ]' F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ p0 E- L2 T" Y' I$ bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& }5 W4 J- ]' a- s5 \" ]; n5 N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
! x" i8 y5 v4 ]0 oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 b: M1 h& P0 z& z2 ?* s) P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 J0 l  |; D* k/ c* O8 W
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; I/ O. `) n5 L, P1 b7 S) madult height are not fully known and always remain
$ x  o" s2 W) }6 w; @7 Ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 t$ F8 t' O9 l9 Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. K6 @' Y3 h/ a6 l  G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
& ?9 i, ?3 _9 n2 y2 Z7 X- Vcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 t  K! C2 c7 ^7 s, }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: R$ o4 k  k' e9 L* ~: ]
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& d# t# u: Z$ _7 ~$ vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; K4 J( v* m; P
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 U' u' x) f1 }+ g6 Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 E/ ]+ v$ O% P; U- p
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; K5 m7 v, R$ R" uSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 D, ^. Z# j" g* |7 x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- b3 ]% r3 S  M+ G6 L& [
penile length in clinical studies.5 G2 ?1 _% i0 p2 t  O3 K8 ?
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* l+ t2 v& x9 z( u1 Q& z$ X9 ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from, B5 M$ o2 `2 |# v  ~" H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- e2 B+ \! f! b% O' S6 D
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.6 t  m% s' G/ y4 j1 C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 P$ e! H, c3 Y8 d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 v: X/ S9 e3 P9 c3 I9 zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; A; h0 B4 u0 {5 c
height will not be affected.- w( K+ m$ N4 m1 G6 E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-' v% }) l3 J7 ?2 ~) r) r3 {
ability of androgen products in our society may" X1 I2 d9 D# F' u+ ~
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ Q* k& X! M$ a  D
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, c$ o7 F: {6 b- N% |
gen products must be considered and specific ques-# k5 ^' u, V# _' x; A( ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 J( o! U! {; T0 s* s0 x7 xgel should be asked of the family members during
5 M0 ~& D3 O5 M' Z" |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
2 z7 w( A1 ^) ?0 S$ |4 dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ H" m; I/ {. v6 l, S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 I& ]+ }2 d9 y8 @; ?0 {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ }; j2 f0 a* v5 l+ M6 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 `# C/ O+ g. H6 J$ G/ s8 Jresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# x# F) @; f* i! e, J/ xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be; f$ W) W( B+ H5 Y  h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
) L% t* Q( V2 k  ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 _, I. ~+ ?5 W/ M2 [, x$ ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 Q, T& Y2 j- w8 W; ?' E- kwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ P& g' f- j, I/ _, I4 f- efemale child who might come in contact with some-
# v! [6 z- C9 i+ W8 n2 j7 ?7 E" mone using any of these products.
$ U; s# c- k2 w+ p) DReferences
7 R/ S1 u. S3 s; S0 I( e& A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; ^! B' a: }. q9 h) G6 r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 X: z* Z, z! K% S3 a* ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 A/ b4 [. B9 a+ G& W4 E  _
2002: 565-628./ W9 C3 n+ y) c: m- ?1 V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' [% V/ [$ Y9 y8 z3 Q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) z3 p8 X9 }. n! W  a; VBoy Induced by Indirect Topical. r& J1 k+ k! u) a- t% g& `
Exposure to Testosterone
! ?5 ]+ U2 O/ Y- c& iSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ }8 ^; ^; e0 h  r7 C1 w+ u- \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 L7 n1 d- C- p* s$ TClinical Pediatrics
7 N. J/ j4 m& B9 z+ t$ J- Q0 A  GVolume 46 Number 6
' O  N: Y: Z. FJuly 2007 540-5436 O6 W& @6 F4 a% K4 W" u
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 ?: W8 u& i; ?9 y( s10.1177/0009922806296651
* T& Y. `2 c0 W; u1 ]* ]http://clp.sagepub.com  T9 V( i' I; a
hosted at
, \9 p# R8 z6 ahttp://online.sagepub.com8 n3 X, u5 ^0 N& {0 W
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' d5 O/ }/ H6 `9 u/ i% j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
1 V9 W; P" B' ], T* Z6 cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 _7 B2 B7 y9 H. G8 e
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 n  p! X4 K9 ^6 J2 Y* R& m
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; w1 V& h* p0 e5 M: e0 d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; K3 S: U) t% Q& }9 W1 `
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
( l3 P6 x5 M  {2 O9 l0 ]hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 v0 t& P" f% k. V
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* G% H4 p9 a/ |
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: Y( j( h: h' O
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 D4 |1 [9 a; I; S! F
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- a; L% _' d, V( C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 x( `2 Q9 \6 R2 Dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ w) m& v$ l1 q3 Y; b& Q% Pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 c5 R/ L6 R3 G; g
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# ]: q2 F' m, Y! P& u# j4 o6 u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& A! i: S, t' K, a0 Y/ h" C) s4 p3 I
bly more common than the rare case report in the% X. L7 I% N2 x) c% c4 O3 {- y- \
literature.4& K, d* E/ ]" f
Patient Report7 u3 n: |+ L0 S: I6 |
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 [' o7 X$ L9 }: v( tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 d6 G- t$ e" z- X. C* xof early sexual development. His mother noticed
' Z$ C) Y9 r( c0 m, Klight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 e6 N1 D$ E( U; U9 P- h$ cFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 o# \# L. h# f1 K6 z$ s3 l
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 U8 i0 j4 L* k, ?# G$ Z- N; X
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 z# k$ b$ c$ Y( t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 t  Z; M& o: J( f4 JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% e1 Q0 j1 Q# _e-mail: [email protected].
3 H( B/ F5 w+ b% d2 S, Dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 T1 x6 `3 |/ H7 V5 G5 Zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  ]9 c, `9 m8 g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 b/ A3 l( o3 \2 Cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ H, r/ M% [8 [; _( c4 U1 H" l2 Ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 x. U2 R& u1 Q$ f1 |* S20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# p0 T: b1 P, h8 J" T% m5 Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with; W3 t) i/ L% p0 q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% F0 k2 @. `* c6 k8 M' X, Wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ a0 s8 c7 N! w$ {! a
was age appropriate.
* z1 D4 ~! d8 P- I; b% S; SThe family history was remarkable for the father,
( P4 }2 _& h6 l0 @+ m$ n9 ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( D3 e+ V2 n: n3 n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 u8 v* Q% n) U. z' i: L  _5 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) x2 y  m. |$ R6 z' ^) M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& d2 ?: q7 e* @- M! _The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 c3 K4 _0 E3 r4 Q! Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 f% e+ L$ u7 r/ N, f; C  {
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 h$ U0 l7 \3 p8 E* Q/ D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 V- P9 \7 H( L7 d: a+ fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
- i& J+ M8 p# j3 E- z, d2 ntives. There were no siblings.
  a. n- t* a3 Z8 P; zPhysical Examination
( V; c: Z: s6 G4 x  qThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 w. [* C: d6 ~) @( }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( m. s5 p* E2 X* b8 U9 i, T, [% O; za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% X  }! m; _/ y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 J/ o  d6 v3 z* `6 G; r9 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& N4 u2 T* _9 R% d7 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 Q% X# U. h9 B5 K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! L, @/ m. R8 T3 l& o! V& S4 I4 yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
- R. J! ~+ h. \! s2 _6 D% |8 ^enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 r9 X2 X/ Z% ~8 t/ q5 R+ w; ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 l9 C, F6 J7 \2 ^, w4 k
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, B/ ~3 V: X$ |3 D- Y$ g5407 I- Z+ O# T! ~/ }& [# y- [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" H9 s( [$ s4 E8 l- ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ P) s) y" P9 Ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" \2 H! @, y4 d+ CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 \0 ~% _; K9 F4 ?% Goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 W6 Q! H! e. Y- ~# b7 c
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. e' W- t1 J' w7 o* P' b6 ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ z( p8 G; d! A1 j# Q0 mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) {: n" O5 O1 a5 x( t0 V+ h
of papilledema.
! O: x7 E' p4 e+ fLaboratory Evaluation
8 n, @+ b" t" e4 }" X: o9 xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 }8 C/ |9 w9 n$ Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 K& h" K( f+ y0 c( Q1 w3 c0 ]$ y/ |
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: @( H- ?) g6 Akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: t/ h/ X. }, ]& Z' h) ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ }+ {4 j. y+ q4 Mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 X) I: U; ^  ]% B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& X' r1 t9 L+ c; Z& a# C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 O. {' K4 K4 S5 _8 o
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 H8 W1 O4 ]& ]/ N+ mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" U0 E% \# ]) s9 H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 p) o. g# k. B+ F) bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 P* m) T1 |4 m' N: E9 l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. @6 Q/ c" j7 C# Y; u5 H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* v  q, w4 U1 v! h5 A1 q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 A# ~: s, h9 ]7 F. I+ \! A
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& W; u' x2 @5 A& Y! rtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% `) g- s& ^, ~; Ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 p5 ~' S% L; D4 d0 r3 Cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ m7 z! e" y* m7 }& c# R: `  w% C! I5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 |% _+ F6 T& B+ z- E
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! J) E( P) M/ t, s* q+ tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  G' _# B! M/ d2 f3 e3 T( d5 Y(prepubertal).
! n1 r! u+ K  S- {- F' mThe parents were notified about the laboratory2 Y: W. Z5 U" s; l6 a. \
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 R& z! L% G& w# K0 r6 p7 `1 pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 E6 l1 G6 T0 Q/ y* A- w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ J% t  j3 r3 z2 ^3 C
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 N" J) P8 \# @; i& Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 D& M. C- E2 |' m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the' A! a: ^5 V# |# v7 M( p, b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* H6 s3 ]- a* u+ U9 U& u% G8 {
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, c% K0 h3 O! S: s3 f. ^" S. ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
8 A0 V/ `9 N% Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, S6 V+ |0 P& L
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- X: c2 w; {3 l, ^$ YmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( ~, W8 F8 W& H1 u6 P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 C: D- x4 i: J2 {ing frequent erections.1 B# e8 g6 g0 @- |4 c' e
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 v% m1 i6 {9 m# G2 p3 i/ q+ ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 ?  O) f% L  T5 Qthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- B( F" S( b0 j7 x, xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ d) w7 E, z$ ?' `) Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 O6 B/ d. K4 `5 \4 Ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# p& f0 i  S; R$ F1 M: B2 y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( y1 q$ \3 J( z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! s/ Y4 V& t" I: [- x% sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 p% E9 b+ g% f, Z
secondary to depression., b& v& c* l) _' H; \1 \  g; R
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. T: s# w* V) Z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& F8 m2 x7 w1 T6 S# r
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) A3 l  \' V. |4 R) m5 ]! anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 P) n) k6 \7 @4 c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 D" f' \6 P  ]5 }1 Q, R4 kwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby) e; V. _- f7 ~3 i- Q4 w" F
was high, he then read the product information. s9 y% K8 _( r" W) d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 S" n0 k  E9 F/ u1 P$ N- I
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 B1 Q9 `# _1 z/ cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ }8 q5 f' j0 ], ?) @9 }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. A( y/ Y4 i! P1 v/ E# L6 W" Mbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' `! Z) ], ~5 x8 @- F4 Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the* s4 _  n9 M/ d3 Q* j$ d
laboratory to obtain the test.# ?& f- {* p; k( s
Discussion
% |* a% Q7 |$ {) K$ l( {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; w" Y2 e, u+ _* b/ n
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
- O0 o, |% W/ S) P* c! b  ]" ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! u5 _! m7 A5 N; x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 N( C, r7 L# b; f9 s- n
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
; [; v4 n1 m$ ~' m( k4 M5 Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# W* M1 b! H2 V8 D) Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is' r3 ?  S0 f  ~' z9 n$ g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 n% }+ d& c) m5 b5 _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-/ _7 z" ]( M  M) r! Y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( t) N. i4 [+ r& M' J: jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( C. [1 R' R, v! V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; ]2 Y! H  M; k. Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ ~- `7 {; n8 ?. u& }/ s7 x8 b7 g3 b' T  Kgonadotropins.1,3% i; X2 s* Z1 }2 W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
& T; z' m0 T0 d9 Q1 Ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 H9 M1 Y, V7 M  Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; j; Y9 P3 k1 Iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) K1 C2 a$ U& c1 l" {# z- r0 Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 Z- Z3 s( l) b' M# n
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' G7 o% w" \/ h( J7 J: g$ y4 ]" [: Gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 C! N, c+ \; w8 q" F5 Z0 Npuberty in boys.3,4
: F* ?- A* Q5 i* @+ IThe most common form of congenital adrenal
! t1 u  i/ S: j; bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
( M  D1 R3 B  i0 u: T3 W: ^, CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ a# x+ ^5 h3 g9 q% D4 v% x, cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 i3 t6 M; {1 P5 ]  e' k
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 T9 _2 k5 `! u/ M6 m0 M8 N
excess.1,3
. K- V# B" o: X4 x1 |. ~1 }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 D% v  |+ j" R1 d542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 q4 v  T9 R- I0 N; gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& F$ E3 {; ?" P3 G9 k, g' b0 dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
& ~& ?+ A! ]. x$ f1 }, d" Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# G2 j4 v, @4 {2 S1 F9 V3 _/ U
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
! c+ \) E& I9 f' f0 U. F) {with this disorder are full pubertal development," P% V- Q2 p/ C8 i* c# Y6 C8 b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- A, e8 ]" ^! U" K6 g9 B/ hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% I7 d2 f7 s9 x6 b7 s0 ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) j* D8 H5 _( z, o1 w
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 d$ @6 J0 P( N( c, i3 N% Breleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 j4 O( P/ V) U  e7 vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 N" q. k' G7 ^! j! g* `males; therefore, other male members of the family; F$ _  j$ `  H! l, z: _9 T
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 h8 ]. u$ O. }* W$ YIn our patient, physical examination was incon-. {4 S( Z/ D4 k( m* x5 U# t: J8 `" u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# @7 h* k, Z6 o3 ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; w0 H( T, t) V6 D- ?2 ~, fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
! L( G! \3 r5 K' u2 D2 l: R7 ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 o, t4 L: G3 q; N4 D: c- D
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! W$ v' F9 ^& b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 Y1 J$ i& W, ~- m$ Iative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 W) K/ |& V- H. d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ D& o, G$ X, g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% o  H1 G0 c6 y! n  b/ l
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. s8 P: M8 ~9 E
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 n" q5 A  ^$ q! u
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 m. ^- q" A& ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: }( k. [& g% F
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, m$ g6 X/ I, s- C: j& ~* y  E, fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 F/ i! M! ]4 }7 S( y8 B
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& D7 c2 J0 z+ f6 k8 F4 {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ I9 y) ?& T1 i/ tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 b7 g! `' o5 i# s& w6 ]. _' }+ bDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! z* X: w/ e6 v: F4 u/ i/ Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. v7 K, D5 z+ Y9 l$ B, S
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.9 l$ _8 v& R) L3 |7 J
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  {0 k9 w( Z  H5 S) J9 ]
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 F: L& z. W' Z' b/ r9 teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! w4 v3 K  X/ t9 y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 e$ l+ z: L4 G) R5 h2 z2 Y" T; a: ?
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 z% O1 X4 _5 K( lOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 o; n9 i# z& ]0 P0 v, t: B
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 ^& k+ C% \) R) k4 u$ h
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 ~# O$ j8 j7 n# w( K
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. ^! B# _, E4 [, Zactive in young children exposed to testosterone& Z  d* N4 M' \. \$ Z. `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 A; a- }3 K3 s9 i' Udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% c+ d; U5 t6 ~! B/ [virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ v; ?$ M2 {1 R/ C$ w$ Lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ P! }5 E5 B: \( ]5 B7 Q/ V, yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. [1 ?3 I- }! Q* K8 h9 DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: ]' X$ a0 c2 n3 Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final  m* A) Q5 f2 b
adult height are not fully known and always remain, o! B$ K4 i# I/ W" U2 M7 K6 J
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! G1 y' a$ c, ]' t7 w. y% s
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 s0 Q8 v- @  e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 i2 j' G! m9 K* w, rcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 z# ?  j; g  H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# _! h1 C/ m+ U0 L  H
There are conflicting reports and controversy
4 g1 U" N3 N/ Q7 b0 Hover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 g8 L7 m2 R# W, h0 v
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* H+ b6 N0 V3 w9 S9 @  |! ?
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! X9 \& |1 ~* F# \7 O9 U7 m. F; J0 vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 g' {# d9 E  m$ B5 s, @& ~* D
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% x  n1 }, ~# dchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. M) Y  T2 Q. E. ]2 ~  Vpenile length in clinical studies.
- ]+ V1 K- ^8 y4 F% oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 b2 D: K) Z, G) |5 Y; mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ J( @' ~1 h/ F4 i5 d' @+ ~testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- z5 N, c% i( k5 ^" y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 s2 i: _3 s9 X8 D( C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: _* b9 F2 P5 s7 S1 J$ q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' E7 ?& y$ V; \5 {) E6 E6 H# fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, h6 h. J! o4 T/ e2 U) z: b3 W% e& e
height will not be affected.
" e8 E1 N; }3 m8 z0 i( `9 PAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 w$ \# S8 i7 F" L
ability of androgen products in our society may+ S- b$ D5 d& B; t" ?2 r1 N% u
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ X; Z& D6 D" Y6 `" a. t& Y9 Gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* c2 o! ?' z. m, M+ `- ~; R' [1 ?gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 ^* f; L; P# V, _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! [1 r$ q6 G7 B5 Kgel should be asked of the family members during
  y' _/ W1 c. uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 H. n" D# e5 t; g/ }) \& l
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; O( @% e2 q+ D' D7 m6 P( Q3 i" _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ ^% M) ~$ A; `: fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( T) n& f8 p( Z3 u1 Z8 j
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
: F0 V$ T/ f: \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 h. d8 z$ A8 W* Y9 p9 |
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 C) Z) m1 B, ?- X+ j
aware of this fact, because most of these children
( ~* \6 N: G, lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 _$ u8 u( W0 W2 B7 ]Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. r& @  t1 O2 p  ?& j
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- s  j* r5 `% o/ W$ ^% d8 T
female child who might come in contact with some-
# \- K$ d! |# y0 Sone using any of these products.2 {0 h5 x6 L' \* H9 o0 Y" d
References
) H; I3 A  k6 x; }1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 N4 U3 m: z8 ^& \! Wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 J& o$ c; y/ G% o6 t) z  B! M7 GEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;3 _/ h* i% @- @- B* U
2002: 565-628.
" Z5 z6 t8 D, u$ ^& R5 r/ i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 _, r6 k- G+ Y3 F! o9 _
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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* D1 ^5 l1 n# d
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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