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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) R+ ?* O& v( ]6 o( p
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ i- J* \" n* }$ ~. ?+ Q
Exposure to Testosterone: x* R8 L( j! `" j3 R* J9 t5 X3 D
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( N; u/ c7 f9 `6 Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 V! B7 o( B4 U' jClinical Pediatrics5 T4 j+ y6 V, ^2 b
Volume 46 Number 6& X# D# ?7 p) W$ C, _3 H! H/ A
July 2007 540-543
2 ]) `, r( b4 w) I) e© 2007 Sage Publications
- f3 y# p; E, f' D10.1177/0009922806296651" u9 [5 I) i, z( c9 a7 y
http://clp.sagepub.com0 h# X, R2 L7 l) o" ~
hosted at
! }& Y: Q E- u' D p% h0 Z7 vhttp://online.sagepub.com
! H1 b/ D; @( d6 ^4 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* M3 x6 Z' u5 f, K. }0 p% K+ nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
5 j1 D* C: u* z8 b7 wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 C% @6 F$ H* Y$ [4 P5 Bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! r+ c# \' t5 l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 u, }* h1 q6 v( `* p0 ], w8 Q2 o
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- g, r% A& I, |- Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 a' K: |% G6 R. \; a* t4 Q) bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* G' T8 R2 \7 g8 r- ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We7 \( I1 E' d* D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, `' w& U# ^. s6 M4 a: Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) S A) Y" h g4 J* d$ T/ T
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 F2 n& W, {" l' z" E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 s6 q1 D+ o0 @& `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-. w- @8 j0 K, C. e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this: p% [$ g2 h4 c9 y6 ]' a. [, H3 M
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 ]! t, r3 m% m7 Htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 _0 y; Q* P, gbly more common than the rare case report in the- ^2 L* D. w0 k" A$ o
literature.4
. F3 x7 a% J3 v. g) [; z. B2 Z5 sPatient Report
: y+ l! [/ o# CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 U3 E( |; @7 p" ?5 z8 wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- s0 n6 c. |" F+ A- c8 _of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 x" [) q& b/ H, w) Q% a% W9 t
light colored pubic hair development when he was6 g) P3 G& _7 q' q/ _
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& [0 x, @8 N6 }* ^: z; v4 o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 M r0 p# ?6 O' @7 v+ v. nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( o8 y. n! _* i" T" o/ kProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' R. Q5 Y$ V5 {6 x7 CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& ?0 H& C/ w& f4 _+ z1 M8 R
e-mail: [email protected].# i2 e' D* z8 p% S u. ]) j; r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: {% H' [( O' ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 s, R2 X% c. a4 i0 E
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: p2 d7 F3 m- g u( e! s1 T% B3 | E) Swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 v/ r7 F" X- M+ b Y9 S- D
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 W9 B! h' b1 U) P6 J- `. C20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% v7 ~6 C3 p0 G- W5 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ C$ f. y& z7 c: f) h7 |9 M. A3 ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ Z$ l9 W3 n4 p, P
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development' n* v* e* ^, q# R4 Z g1 q7 q
was age appropriate.9 H$ m& i; d1 U3 y+ A
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 S0 d, X; W- u5 q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ H4 r4 F( |3 H& Z7 R9 p
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! L" |! z0 w+ K; f3 L) q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% Z5 ^8 b/ p/ b. t5 r0 q0 Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ H% ^9 x8 [- S( N* b
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 C( W( y+ Z! g6 z5 I$ nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 g, G& e7 F o5 @" a; O4 p' awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 q! h. c$ g6 [$ G; |( c2 Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 e$ M) Z1 W- @# r6 {+ R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' v! Y* ?& G4 G3 Xtives. There were no siblings. ^+ O O" _8 j
Physical Examination: u; ?0 F2 ^1 P( E9 E1 b4 A& m: S. C
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ R+ o2 _8 N. X6 K6 n( u( |; Y8 Y7 J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 L& H. I/ T( E1 N3 E4 j0 pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
' b& n9 j! z, _3 S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 k9 k6 _( g E% K. g0 T(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 n' X( c$ o% \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 p8 L1 j' ^% x1 ?" q; W* W# d
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' o' L' y+ O) |6 v+ }3 t
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, U1 H1 m7 [, ]; x7 e5 C. |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 ^5 S! R2 g6 |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ z# c( J- A4 C( g9 L0 odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ z2 [* p, K, `( l; [- o
540! l2 U o) Z: l& I0 T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: ^+ r1 \5 S. G( n! Athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 r2 V: x! \8 D1 _8 d% X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each. d9 ?* F/ g2 B5 d2 h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# d* p9 ?' E3 ~! I8 R6 t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ B, \4 B3 M" y L# J! S oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& e) }0 E: m; {" E* g0 j* c& k4 FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 ~2 F8 c5 i k% cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 }, \; f* A" V7 ~$ x
of papilledema.. p0 G! e* k5 S8 c$ c: I" R3 H+ o
Laboratory Evaluation) k$ J- x) x5 y7 l
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by' C* Z0 j, d7 V7 y" Y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% Z; M3 }( ]9 E( I' i# V3 ]) @4 nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 @4 X( z. \" Wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 a( m4 S& l- q+ R+ V
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- L2 i# o; D) f3 g' X# z) w/ ~
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 ^- m2 [4 o; D' Q& x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; b5 ^8 ~: l% c5 n/ w( y2 v5 n
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 V T3 K) ~( Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration6 q$ c* G8 h, Y$ o$ W/ y9 c4 X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. N. s) A5 k5 h% B# T(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, D {& i7 I7 Q/ A8 Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ L( U. T' z5 M; B/ ?7 ?0 ~/ D( c$ X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, E, Z% ?" }0 i B" N `desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 j& j$ a. Y! T, u49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& P9 g j4 [" @8 twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! F! z0 s* D, L( t8 Htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 s, k' G9 I0 |, S y* u' ]testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 I. T( [0 n' {2 q" m+ e, g' N9 d# p
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) N. L6 }7 |# K3 {$ M0 |3 C; r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* n! \+ s6 V3 ?" G7 Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 C, Y* o5 Q( \0 J A
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 u: @$ A$ |1 N& U3 A @(prepubertal).
2 p5 I; A7 z- y/ AThe parents were notified about the laboratory# E# i+ `8 B' Y% R' q
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ w( w; M$ i2 v2 Hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. C9 o1 O/ E# T( s- I" N! p" v
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 A+ v9 r- W ]& ^9 ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. x, |5 V( l- o: w; H3 G
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 V# {8 Q* U: [* E' WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the e+ V9 Q* p) x# J
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( K3 @$ i- g+ j. Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& u) }+ F' Y9 N6 L \$ Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 R. p3 [5 ^- k4 s# Q& a. ^' z
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 w" j% P; X+ N/ x |7 o( Q8 `- Bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 c5 k2 s7 p Y; g# X' b( |
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' _1 t* Y3 d+ \: d8 T+ {0 e0 Y. Z: o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 n) ]8 L0 f1 Y0 ?) I8 }
ing frequent erections.4 m* r1 z0 U( `7 P
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ `3 T# o h' G3 f6 w7 ], W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ v% P, Q- n# S* W7 U
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( C4 b1 y H1 B% p; m; O/ f9 kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 z( M/ R8 o; S. }5 ?) v
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ h6 U) B2 t% G4 [ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for Q4 k* t' I) H1 S! a
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ E0 T ]0 T1 o; e
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) G2 N; m I. z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 O5 N- R3 o: lsecondary to depression.
" k7 U# M* p% W0 V' C. J9 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( F% F1 W0 B- p+ OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 Z( m3 M5 A! O4 _/ C. T7 e1 J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ y: {3 r& l) e# W1 g# s0 C. i
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.$ D; u7 |0 p4 i( F8 {& d$ R) k: }
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 v0 P, `) ^4 ^, U/ R. K9 Owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
U) z m* B/ r+ R: Hwas high, he then read the product information
# D4 t4 f: L9 L5 p2 S! e# s" Bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 y/ x) k/ D* Y) I9 s' ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 C$ K/ Z0 L8 g; T8 ?" @
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- A) ]0 V% T( F+ D- Q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# Q/ a4 v: E* Z" xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 c* ]* d% ]( V& ^test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! l z2 d/ E' z* R5 h6 v
laboratory to obtain the test.
1 j1 k0 F) c3 C0 r; ZDiscussion
7 Y/ x3 R. `( v/ v% q! V( VPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- z: Y! l: Z$ d" ?, C
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* A5 Q' R/ F# Q2 _ BPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- M) K( c* _0 [" H" P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% A3 C8 a# e1 J8 V* }* v5 z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' V }/ P) k" Wmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 s* y, z3 ?! N/ G c; v( e! jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ M0 {9 {5 _; W5 {' ~% d( N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 x& X: a; J9 B0 }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; Q Z, z# m5 osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( P2 \$ H7 x8 J/ Z0 c* q2 @ X" `/ h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 ^* L& e: J/ ~5 Y4 H3 k; ~! |1 `) lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ R2 X0 b* q7 jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by+ l* A1 G2 }( @4 F! L
gonadotropins.1,3( y5 h- T# s6 i) Y* n: f) O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# C2 K U* c: J; t: Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: m4 K4 w- m. Q& c5 I
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! [9 e2 j0 Q/ y- M5 Y Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 U6 \1 B) {) G- H( s( ]+ P, o% `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 }4 V5 C5 g* V5 r' Ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive8 c- j7 V* H4 G- l
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
o+ M: k9 @/ A1 M( f3 R* V6 ^puberty in boys.3,4( t) N" z$ o4 C9 k" E5 @# ]5 H7 Z5 l
The most common form of congenital adrenal, k [/ j: I0 z4 q& K% c" M I, q& t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% p( E$ Z: [" g' f' c; J( X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. } F a+ ]" I0 T4 T/ s2 V1 W
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& \: a5 J6 T" B
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 C6 J% `+ E( [. i% T0 c
excess.1,3& Q$ @. y% i( U# h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, L+ c1 ~1 u3 \( T8 `. T w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" j$ d+ F* [. M! r8 YA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) v! Z& I3 P( ^, t8 x0 ]6 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 H- f( r8 X- q" A0 ^, S6 kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 ?3 D& k$ O- r% f, |) A
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% c+ _9 j+ `- J! H' |with this disorder are full pubertal development,: H/ H6 y4 j. L$ r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 p+ a" E8 i, a6 u! s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) X2 P: H# Z }- H( F2 b; ^' ^
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) P5 T7 g, ~0 e! zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: r4 L$ _1 q4 m2 w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 r7 E& y7 L2 Kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 ]. J3 m. F9 v6 ?; bmales; therefore, other male members of the family0 J E& Z. [: {. x/ E
may have similar precocious puberty.33 i$ O, [" @0 j8 F
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& r* S+ v' K- f" c9 H) [sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; Y# s6 r. w3 ^4 o& ?0 H* R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis C, L$ y: V, j
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 S H* \; B7 A# Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 g1 d% B7 n* \
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the M# m' u+ N$ I7 S) Y1 {, ^
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* k: O" b0 N* j: F9 g4 U
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) T; A7 R/ Y, B2 I. N ]7 G5 F8 Gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& Z7 T, H. ~/ `& D6 zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" N; T0 U j6 u S' k$ ?deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# A. _. D/ i9 g3 h1 Xing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% U9 Q3 n, ^ r5 }& q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' M$ A8 K C2 c
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 W$ \1 b' [: \- m
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 z2 \; L! {3 J: |" g7 {pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( v8 z4 K# K a: ^1 v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 A) q$ P! R# j2 g5 f9 V4 s6 L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 R( t2 M' R: [0 A& Q b. _using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 U0 }7 S( g+ D- ~* aDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 C2 ~) z0 [) Z& M4 d
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 K8 z2 z& y A, q; i6 v; |) x$ nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 x) Z) m, }% g1 a1 O
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 ?2 k" U9 u/ q5 b8 Zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 V, h1 {" s, |7 k$ b1 veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: s2 o4 ~3 k& q& @6 `% _partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 o* C& R0 z6 `+ @0 D
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! v# v! f" T9 J- O9 r, r9 F; @7 QOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 a5 V1 h3 r C; ~* q3 q1 e( ~& Dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# R' r2 s3 }. M% q9 }% V# x4 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
; B$ s C" ?* Z* S- \- I4 {terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 R* K$ m- s$ A8 w/ J0 n b2 Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone, u7 e, W5 g @
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. v$ c4 b8 M7 C$ N8 |, d* Xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' m% L6 T' K: D8 v% L: w: g& ]2 D
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( K* V. P* d! s' W. Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 \# C! K2 r qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* D" K* b: {5 Z& x0 ?0 G
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& V' P8 }6 C# x( }$ b) H; kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
0 k$ T' z! P+ Ladult height are not fully known and always remain# n Y% N9 ~+ C6 v; W) A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( }" Z$ e# j* _) u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
P9 r( A( e/ a/ a/ t# M, o6 m6 Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' M+ m# z% @& Z6 S( @/ h; s
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. m7 [! R2 }. A) d+ [8 A; o+ ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& I& u) o) O9 f' y" v5 o
There are conflicting reports and controversy
$ K: M! W0 X0 B' B+ zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& Q u1 K* H; d3 l0 M! Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; R" O# k$ z) w* [. P% X3 X- c) [, r3 Sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! H. f) E, E. W+ P. dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, y0 Q4 y' k+ `# ~( _. T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between" A4 I% ~. X/ A5 ?; b
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 R% \! ~/ Q* f2 A/ U1 U) ~$ D2 D) a
penile length in clinical studies.& c7 v) t K2 K; Q X
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 I; K, |+ H7 T, ~! w+ c: dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from( F$ S3 D$ x' a& V* d; Z3 C
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
6 v% q4 y8 Y+ L5 Ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 a2 o0 B/ j4 S: j2 }! D4 {Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
- m' l# q+ z3 @/ l/ i, `: {2 m8 `diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 a* O; P y, }- Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, f8 f0 c9 G8 k+ M6 A, N
height will not be affected.. k/ Z n/ s) [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
6 Z7 y% S3 n! F( w1 R+ H) T2 ?: iability of androgen products in our society may
, ^( R9 @* Z; Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 ]: a% m" ~% |! a. F: `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 ?' z' d b# ?
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 Q2 E/ O4 M1 a: L/ M( s
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 \7 Q& I3 b$ @* y# M" N" K7 W3 i5 g
gel should be asked of the family members during( m I% p% |4 v+ I" F
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
& p2 O, l6 o* Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 x4 \3 V8 Z6 }7 b- O/ B3 ?nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; \6 Q8 ]4 v1 `& k2 Z( a& H7 Lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ }- I* n3 L& W" @) ~7 }6 |history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; X) A4 }! h2 g4 Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. }& g6 d: |2 ?4 J
investigation. The primary care physician should be) [8 e6 k; c$ K7 o7 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
J, X' ~$ E! u" j; }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# V, X+ P5 S0 [, \4 N
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* e+ e6 e) f9 \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% i4 C, e) }7 T% u, |* e
female child who might come in contact with some-
7 @5 S% p$ k3 P( N& l) C; Qone using any of these products.; L0 D6 W2 Q# P: |1 p1 N
References5 q+ [# k- r, e( m5 \
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 J- a% V0 p. w. H, m3 \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 ]. A t0 E* s) K- zEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 I4 ^ f, p' c6 k
2002: 565-628.
6 ~& Z7 o M8 ], G0 f8 _2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: y+ v- D6 @* B& \8 `. {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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