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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 p7 Y& K4 c5 S2 u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ z# a6 |$ W8 D  E- t
Exposure to Testosterone
8 \% f3 O8 B8 s/ Z2 \! xSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. o3 m/ c( W  `  y6 k5 y* M! Z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 z% [" h3 m- F
Clinical Pediatrics3 T7 A' \3 n! e. A7 [9 F
Volume 46 Number 6
  z( {$ S3 Q* K/ S0 BJuly 2007 540-543) F1 B6 D6 B5 P6 K+ ^
© 2007 Sage Publications: x: n& \1 D0 |1 K" H3 e- K
10.1177/0009922806296651( w4 ]& o5 i$ A# x. |# c8 L
http://clp.sagepub.com( S) K) \  C# s9 H; U1 z' ?5 U
hosted at
4 ]7 @, X: ?9 t$ Q' {, jhttp://online.sagepub.com4 J  j: U) P2 O0 b; }. v
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," p: ?3 K5 l/ e/ S- S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central' d# s1 \6 @' Y+ N+ J
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. h" M* d5 t: c% y, d, Hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; U# N7 D$ G& u- s: E0 t4 ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" A# I8 D1 B- x; }; blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% i/ r" o# |  b) G7 h
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; T; P2 K3 |+ Y$ uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( z  B% M5 }, ?0 w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. [3 I, S4 v- P4 A# k. N( sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the  k+ ^: {' u+ J$ p+ |' q8 ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* E8 x0 K) I) n4 O1 E( ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  S, `0 M+ Q6 l" Z! ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 V$ k& \1 ]! _+ {: {the father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 m$ Y7 n# n5 w5 w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ T$ f8 }+ @& V1 a8 f; n' D% a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ R8 \" L+ f8 D, o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; \$ ?( i* @- G# N7 kbly more common than the rare case report in the
* p% T4 ~& h; m, e, qliterature.4
5 K# u- g; ^4 l# M- T& Q/ @( VPatient Report$ b+ f' y; d& Z# ^2 e1 O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 J" b- S) a' B9 K$ Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 S9 |1 V8 {. b8 {& `/ T
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
: {! Z6 M4 G1 Y0 Z1 n9 ~- alight colored pubic hair development when he was) c) K- m! }: H: Z: @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 ~. C2 Y) U0 I/ y) t/ R
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 w: u3 i7 p7 j3 _( M% q
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 B: d* X  ]0 e/ R6 H% Y+ s3 VProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  K) D% C- h7 l: U; q# J/ M, @
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: N3 Z/ H7 H0 |# ~e-mail: [email protected].2 p# n; Q2 v' M  |
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, E+ [6 R% _  x+ ^3 {darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  \. p) y  {6 |/ }  ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% F. P% K% Z% f& R, fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# X2 w$ B( |9 U/ q/ h. x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of  D2 O0 c4 \7 @" ?; q: v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. R' n. y+ s2 uof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) C' `! h5 t  R' l2 l& V, O; Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 g+ p# K7 }; d" u8 k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- U, B) H: \" bwas age appropriate.
& j: x! f; ]2 C3 c4 H' T# @The family history was remarkable for the father,
9 I) X: E% `. v! I8 T, h. @' n) S1 vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% T: J* o% F+ g1 h6 ?' |, q7 uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ X/ z: L  X( w' {# c7 Q2 Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% y4 h' G. F" Z4 @4 J6 i) Q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 _7 g' H; {6 ^' D4 B9 |
The father denied taking any other medication. The/ b! }; |" r3 N1 O& {6 I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! l5 Z) X/ }$ e/ [
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. v* v: T+ }- e6 G+ q2 A# J4 r
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; a/ v) S9 o, K: ~3 T; E& qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 K9 E/ A4 C8 r3 \tives. There were no siblings.
7 j8 d1 e$ T+ }9 i. iPhysical Examination3 J% g' l" G* r1 Y
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 R/ N0 v' W: H, u! Q8 o, Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" l7 E$ D% }% _0 D
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 g6 s- c' t& B" A( E) Y0 V" S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 n, C' f8 r2 u& j$ W6 L0 D(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 m( N# M3 K  G, B( N( S# ^
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 W+ ~# L0 i# ?1 \0 ?the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 E3 A, {$ D: ]" W: O. N9 e2 lThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 u; w1 v$ E8 L" z4 O" Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, Q/ {3 ]) K* o5 X4 t8 E: {, D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
0 ?! F1 @( f" s5 s, Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 `' f1 ]' x4 g7 {, F5 O7 L
5402 O' N5 }6 m) d8 j3 b: z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& A/ _; h- E' j, M6 V+ U# r" W8 c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The+ j5 |6 P/ K8 X% Y# ~0 }4 _- Z, ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  n# \  r8 t+ f$ i: q6 gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& `7 b% J( Y8 E7 k) v* k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 R5 j/ r" U" k: Xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) F/ c1 r$ P# N( B8 CNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' ~; }. _6 a9 A( Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 i* |  m% c" |% Z' {: ?& h
of papilledema.
1 Z! Q8 g9 u) Y7 m* Q  `$ F* R5 I0 ALaboratory Evaluation8 C1 Q5 M+ \  B# c. Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# \# _0 M5 x/ L, f+ S' w2 l: xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  u% j3 y+ N. v8 ^4 }8 flogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& _( z2 O! T; Q' }karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& }3 a# E* o5 B) j2 E- ~! v7 ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 S! P7 }% H) j; p7 J7 l, b
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ [2 @( U3 _, S( h# A1 ~# ?# AThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& r0 h$ L$ m& }/ ~+ Yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 }# `7 G, D9 C2 D) g
within normal range for his age. The concentration
* k3 u) S6 D. J- D2 |$ v  i% R9 Pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 Y0 h0 }. C- u) V  q* k! d9 j(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ f: w  M0 J6 i# C$ Y% |' N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 r5 B, y- P& _( B8 y& G# F. _
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& U# v7 |9 \6 K8 y% c" G& l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 ]/ s- u8 M  V5 ?0 y49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( B# W! d: k5 E! K; Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 C% k) S' w& [2 s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# @7 Y) R' x. V4 jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 M5 E8 A% T' N7 [+ D. F4 J3 |
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) ~& X* R7 {* p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# ?* E( B, L- |0 D  f$ Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* a( D3 A4 o* G& wconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 ^9 ]. ~( _% P" ^4 p( n2 Z
(prepubertal).3 Z( U! v! M* X7 p$ v$ w
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ c! `: \( X& b0 K. _5 Q% nresults and were informed that all of the tests were# |2 W" ]! Z$ K* ?* w- z4 n* H
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
% L0 N: E& f2 i4 jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ S8 ~3 V7 |- o7 ]9 |& Q$ Eobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  o. f8 J% e: qever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ T  Y9 D4 W7 b/ ^. H" }( [Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ J9 y% _, E1 Echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 a& H% I$ j2 a7 e$ y: {$ f
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ Y- K! i  k. d+ H& n( E- Yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; X2 j7 g* a% x9 p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 I7 V( B1 u- s# w/ x7 x3 K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 ~) ~) `% p8 h7 G! E% TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' E( _) L+ Q6 i# n% W( z& `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 U2 o) J. z$ M* @2 I: j
ing frequent erections., u8 m8 Y) Y' s0 q: w! a
Both parents were again questioned about use of3 J& k: R( N0 F- S# T5 k2 X
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to; y+ B! n% p3 C6 Z( R( v5 ]) p9 |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 |4 W! t- m7 z( O! U& BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, {/ _/ h. {) F( w6 D% t4 xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, m& a  `" }+ W4 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 k3 U# z! [! w7 b" ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. t1 _0 ?/ U, S1 l4 a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" f$ v0 Y+ x6 F" u, ~; p/ yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  o5 A+ U( @/ Psecondary to depression.  {5 w, x+ i6 M/ T' B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
' S- S# l5 r4 T+ \! J; P0 ?The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 `) a4 _' t+ N1 R! K4 u$ d7 L0 M4 O
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: {9 Q. ]  ^' N* p3 C5 {/ J. \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' G" |" z2 @, m$ q7 ^8 S' l/ xThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
* C& ]" v# o5 M: ]when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- c& }; x8 V* B$ o8 W- t5 B% O
was high, he then read the product information
* K. I7 b  c  ^, o/ E7 l! Bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 X# S6 F9 ?) v) Z* M3 v" c. j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, ~: U' F6 j; P  E( _decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- g" K7 l3 C( s, d5 @6 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) D0 o3 w: |& @. g2 F% qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 K3 O9 f7 y& t9 p5 jtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ v( a" ?  ^' L
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 K  H6 ]) G/ xDiscussion
8 e$ E) b0 P& `  gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ _; Q" {" K7 n" I. lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 Y* b. j! B$ I* y5 E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" a# p% ^' H- N( Y% \$ R. U! J2 D/ Uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 P# Z2 @! M# j! F+ s% p/ P
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 A7 [; E* g$ Q* p) _1 L& Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 m/ t* s7 @% t2 K& z. l& {may have a central nervous system lesion that is
3 \; [3 Q3 q1 ^0 H- W* Bresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 E0 ~7 z4 E0 Pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( {9 V! P. S4 u! v9 b- E7 s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" t! c4 \* ^2 o- a) W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ t7 r9 F  g- w0 Z6 [- P  K+ `6 kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 a! t1 H1 a$ M+ U9 F% R
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 U% Z. R8 A! Y; N' `gonadotropins.1,3
$ W( I/ ~7 z7 ~4 ~2 Q4 V7 W- HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ k0 Z: j, S* ~1 k9 _
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 U- v* W7 B! o/ D' W4 R
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& M- l0 n; F/ O. T$ a* ~5 x# rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 f6 a9 f! d: \- @ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 v/ H* H' T' j% b( B" b
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( e& M9 @" i6 F8 X; U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" ~# o: C& R/ d* ^puberty in boys.3,4, [* t. c( U, Q0 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal+ V3 z8 q) L% v+ ?" r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 x- u2 w5 x5 q2 B* ?
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: S  u! e5 g) g0 Eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* b4 p$ b* `* z, [5 Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  t! k! R: y. c6 T4 n8 ?0 L! ~excess.1,3
6 Z0 u2 p: d% s0 _# i/ @$ F3 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 }2 @, [, L) G9 g3 g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) R; ~. r! p% Z3 p; Q1 O, `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' G, ]% A! U0 F/ {2 o& m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) p  v& A. b4 D" |4 pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 G+ s3 V' G  L$ }. G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
- g$ `3 q5 M2 ~* @with this disorder are full pubertal development,& H: z) q! E4 u/ O* e
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ q, b7 l4 X4 ], ]* Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 o; A/ l) N2 c5 C& X- s0 B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
! v5 _& F* c. U0 R7 q5 O$ e2 Q! npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 ^- e! m0 L  S
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 B3 I. G/ ]( c" g3 f$ H* r
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 [" ]$ r! `' B1 Q  @. umales; therefore, other male members of the family0 j% \5 q- p4 L, X
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 E2 K4 A, g& f# S, lIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
- ?  V1 W7 k( f; y2 U6 [sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  w, j, o- }  F4 V) n8 R+ a5 Icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 h1 ]) |: u) q. y- e
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 x& U( p6 }8 n) ]" L0 S! q% D. P8 Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 H/ u! u$ l, h( D5 p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* _$ R. r3 w8 T( c% x% {5 Obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 ]- h1 N8 l0 U; \; Q- @
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ |) g# f6 x9 o; }; c& h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 m$ ?+ g& t& U9 K! Z+ {
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% M' D+ u4 X3 t  b
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. Z4 V& k8 b& o/ r* l* J$ L+ ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.; n: e/ u) L; _& q+ b1 E
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. t* e! Q! m* v" V, o, N. g. Wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 F. f" q( F9 ^
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 ^1 {* d& P% v9 @5 c. _# N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 V" ]# V6 l* z, z( D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-# J' ?+ q% H5 d2 E1 L0 V
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 a1 R5 P' q7 {$ h/ o) \( K
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 [0 W/ v- e9 k  x6 \
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; K3 @: U5 v" E+ O+ w5 x0 p7 lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. S% ^% }# `/ n
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 t" J! f: L1 t% j7 D8 F9 a5 `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ h& q3 ?  t3 o2 T' s! ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 e+ k9 c" L' ~6 `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 R5 U3 ^9 Y, Y7 R3 e' R& ~
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 i. P& z: i3 q* o) y' e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 Y$ m  ?( ?/ f* x9 WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' K6 Z) f$ L  G- v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" @; ^2 O& i2 P" ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: T$ P. C2 A+ j9 ^9 b2 @, V7 k. H8 F. Oterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% |: C# Y" X/ t) H0 _" qactive in young children exposed to testosterone/ _  b5 W2 ~( ?2 S' H0 B7 d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* \4 V3 |* F* C- H% f6 kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  e7 C$ o! O, Q) Q. _virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( O5 r9 t) l, m! k# N$ kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ h5 J3 l: d! y% J+ r
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# B( J& k- E1 r6 VThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during* T/ Q) T$ O) v3 D7 g% k+ E/ F7 O
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 i  W$ C0 Z8 ]2 c5 d
adult height are not fully known and always remain) P3 y5 l9 N# x/ I9 W8 b
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" r0 n2 `7 C9 T( g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. G% P" S1 K$ p. Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 K9 p8 T3 v! dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 x8 S" v* |+ Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,90 G1 v& |% U! C- ^1 u* |
There are conflicting reports and controversy
- M/ U) I0 R8 @* T7 g) X: A/ Z* ^/ J, Jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 ]2 r- L, W& w$ _6 N
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( ?1 r9 Y5 y3 z2 p+ P4 n# badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  `3 Z. P) S5 h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 t' [) k: p" F1 |4 B( n& {Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) M- [% S( u: t' E* n/ Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( `# K) I% A" q  K0 jpenile length in clinical studies.
) |( R0 L$ y' k9 e8 Z1 e: gNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- g4 V; }5 [$ P+ h# D" C/ f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from+ o1 [1 b0 v- `  P4 i8 B# ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" E  i" d: ^/ a/ L& ^- T; ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 g1 {' N2 ^) L# R" p% C4 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: V1 v) ^9 s- Q! S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& Q0 \; m  u( `  b
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 {3 L" \4 T+ Yheight will not be affected." U9 g/ \6 D* h) `# X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 E# a3 J' w- L% n$ Y% M4 Lability of androgen products in our society may) q/ f8 w4 v0 ~! T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; e! {! h" r9 ^# E
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 |5 i% U5 p* N- ?7 e7 ~gen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ ~+ k1 }- ?# k. l0 Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 z9 y  Z6 n1 {: R' X
gel should be asked of the family members during
# X: {6 X: D2 mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-) v7 X6 F1 W6 q! s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ x0 n; K3 f, x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, ?8 a/ b) E6 ]- W+ \& F: g5 X
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ k+ V- z5 R* @& D+ E
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 u# |- `! p: Z$ }* yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- ^* ~  J" f/ O1 x, r( J& P7 x4 @
investigation. The primary care physician should be
! K  W0 h2 s+ z, J! L$ `* Laware of this fact, because most of these children
2 Q" Z: L( u0 f( u( v( O0 wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ u& a' T1 R4 I. @" G% @, jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
& M$ U6 X2 D2 b- Q8 Vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- s7 d, g0 s& ]  q6 }female child who might come in contact with some-
& C5 G# B0 k& X, b. t. kone using any of these products./ b5 V( ^: @* b  h! _% Z
References. P1 S: h& J7 w& ^" t4 _8 @6 |/ [
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 S! m! ?, V/ O: r7 w! j
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" O* h$ I; }+ H( J4 j  U2 }Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 M, z6 n. d) V( E- y% y2002: 565-628.5 K$ a! s2 n& D/ X( {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( n" s. J6 w8 Z' gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 G5 u) ]3 N, i: q% |- H* R# BBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 R! D+ L; p$ kExposure to Testosterone
: M$ n: i3 a! m$ m, s. hSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. V" w+ I8 |; K5 ?5 }$ [2 |- k4 mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: P+ Z1 A! C6 D+ H  t2 ^
Clinical Pediatrics- B& y4 v3 g$ n% K8 Z
Volume 46 Number 6
' s0 e* k; d; b4 V  A, DJuly 2007 540-543
! N% N( L+ [. W& d6 M/ f8 t© 2007 Sage Publications. C: F+ b; u7 V1 x0 {
10.1177/00099228062966517 c& B( h' g; ]4 K8 W3 b2 R
http://clp.sagepub.com
* q+ x, ^# W7 u7 D" @& Whosted at$ S1 g$ e5 y/ \. g
http://online.sagepub.com3 t4 o: `+ ?7 q* T2 ~8 {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# H, ~1 W, v) @7 o# h, `/ Xis a significant concern for physicians. Central
: e% z, w  B1 L' s6 T+ |# _2 `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ o5 e" ?1 r) {: r& {0 |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! D0 T+ H+ y  M$ h* c/ i
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 }6 ?+ ]2 T  h7 Mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( Y+ i- s- C# Y& I  t
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  C2 o9 k) v7 h3 `) r
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 V# R- K, y1 o: n  zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! N. j6 M$ n6 U  K+ H
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ y, _* {" D6 h& y9 eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 p  J8 a6 @6 Y+ }; b& _7 T5 f
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' b& ]* p2 I0 p/ p5 H$ t. O: [' Z7 tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' x' X) F& v* V& u' A$ Sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  E0 ?: K) s8 Y8 gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* [! x  N/ U4 Tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' Q8 ^8 I) f3 P
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ X: c+ d7 V4 u" j( D
bly more common than the rare case report in the- O- H* V9 B( j, G3 s, E' ^
literature.4
# k; h: n& p  c$ S: L9 K& G8 PPatient Report4 V2 P" h4 O" L" A+ |1 i
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& t$ v6 ^( E  W6 K& Rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( i! M. g' G  D0 O8 c3 lof early sexual development. His mother noticed! |6 p: L* c0 W
light colored pubic hair development when he was
# o: U; f& y- OFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of  S# z: N* i3 U
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 ]* C; i9 r6 a& O0 {8 T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; U$ y! X4 b( Z' k6 U& G% LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 |. I( e$ J4 DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( J9 I7 ~3 S) }' i2 L
e-mail: [email protected].7 p) K; L: ~: C5 A7 P
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ h$ {3 T) }. G9 v, L6 x- x8 N
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' I% _! j! e$ e* b( s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ], z8 u- v% q2 x  E+ w1 Vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  k# V( m, L& T! n6 a  t: V+ q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' }! W& h7 D+ i- t, M7 Z/ G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
7 u/ T2 ?2 [1 l0 M# Xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with" O& c# @3 \) D* N: V( e# _$ s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ M2 ]& X) d) ]1 M# l
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
+ T- `( w. F/ w' n' Owas age appropriate.
3 Q9 y& e5 F7 _9 dThe family history was remarkable for the father,  W( f7 L% f9 ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- E/ |2 f/ Y8 [, f* v" V3 }2 Y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 o1 [0 B) d$ ~height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! V1 F" u5 X7 g
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& |- H6 y, @( @8 ?( j. `
The father denied taking any other medication. The2 H: J3 Y4 b8 v8 E1 j3 c% ^" y. ]1 ^8 C
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. O7 ?7 p7 Z) L* \9 W* T
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 r0 V6 Z, P- Y" Z3 v2 }5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% C5 o/ W2 d. i9 F: Dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: ~, }+ M% g1 H* r6 Y! Ztives. There were no siblings.
, t% s, I9 _( m; @  U; ~Physical Examination: l" ?& O, n$ u6 R
The physical examination revealed a very active,) ~& ^. |- w( `9 J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 x5 J3 G+ B0 \, A$ M$ G4 Fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% f, a7 q' g: G) U  `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: C" ~' R- M. u  ^, y, `4 n) Y0 |- `3 s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( u' X' b1 N* ?2 e2 K+ i) n4 b
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! f8 Y& v3 }$ |8 X0 Z8 c9 tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! T6 _& e; C0 Z- Y. Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
% K! t* ?7 N  h# i9 \8 u1 Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ b, \0 V9 B5 D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  Z! B$ i% n5 o' q1 O7 @+ N- W' y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 h6 Z- y, U9 F/ Z4 c6 h540
  E1 _9 I) k4 ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 U$ E6 Q& E8 c! w9 W7 e3 ^
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# x) e7 ]3 B6 S. I( K5 atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ H% `9 b# G) sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& `, u2 Q- n4 _5 D5 x) L
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 ^. X/ ?# Q  s8 W- R# U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ J/ P' q+ v- E- u+ f! P$ H* v* u
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# ]' s( q7 z7 d( [9 c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: O. {- C; S* U7 I/ s7 S8 b
of papilledema.* S2 Z8 h" K6 W/ t2 |  w: g
Laboratory Evaluation$ j, X/ P3 N% X6 r( I1 R9 a. @
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 Z0 S  k7 X( {9 [% }
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 |% w0 o3 \' m) K, _" _- ]
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: c; I4 }* h# s/ L- D$ f5 L/ t1 Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  o& d: U5 X9 m# I% v- J# dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  \* c1 G7 I. @& w3 X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) C; d; C" h1 I- C$ C; ^9 _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' y1 s- b' F& A! i! y) X. qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
) X$ s9 F. I) X# H: Bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
( V: n2 d0 I/ u' D+ {of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 Q. h+ j: v: n3 @/ a; M7 F
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* C" F' s7 }. Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ C* F5 d+ `7 i) D" e( }  ?9 r& D9 jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, |/ [) y0 k1 U. y7 d2 n0 s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% u2 R# q: r5 b/ p. R! `/ n49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% _; b4 ?% o8 x, u) @was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 n. s9 K( B, @& @# ctisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 ]4 Q% Z$ R# y" ^
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: W) ]9 `: ~  ~5 Nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& k: @' W: f6 s3 F& k; f* g& M0 \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. e* l3 N4 W1 \% p. B# P$ i# ~stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 D  n6 k' Z3 k2 F8 l' r& ^
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 C" e$ K! P4 j; A) w(prepubertal).# ?' Z7 g+ w  i( V% D: b5 Z6 v  A
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 d/ x' U9 h% s; c) \2 A3 ]6 ?results and were informed that all of the tests were, B4 W' s3 ?( q. T+ l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 I& X3 W9 S- W: W; A( L' _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& w: O0 q! i1 l+ M8 X% |
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: H! J1 V7 u# i% s8 w
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* h5 V- l& q8 z$ M3 [1 R4 UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the# ]% u. d! s6 D9 H1 x# _8 T
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% C2 F: a" @0 X2 e5 J! _& a& T) f
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 W3 k) ?( s$ a5 f: bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; M/ R4 x% X" G7 J) Z) Z2 N0 W2 G
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 c# ?  ~2 ?5 g+ n! y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 e7 `" V7 N( ?3 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# _; X8 L  u+ m) K7 }! Z7 ]% f- `* }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: f. L, x# P  B( u$ p) O2 N
ing frequent erections., {! q% r1 J$ L" q. S: x& o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 O4 n7 U) ~% l$ D5 W9 K2 W( T% bany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ ?- ?! M2 M% c5 @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 s+ b- h* k3 t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 l5 F( y2 G+ u/ f6 t( [4 K" Puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, Z. d  P; }( s5 j  Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 o( F" f; a  H( ?9 e0 y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. y* h; I. ?4 f- w
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! h' ?: n4 |- d/ \% |/ W
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 R- m2 K0 P. W# S; e* R
secondary to depression.
. k0 S1 a, Z) V  x: yThe child slept in the same bed with parents.' C/ l0 I8 ^! d0 a4 ?  l$ \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' e8 E' @# @  D$ pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' X2 g) N3 M. i* n3 unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 v8 r" U! y, _0 BThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 u! c/ S! U3 O) m7 S: V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* v" D/ b& U& |: T0 c- _
was high, he then read the product information
- _) J9 R% D1 gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; {2 L0 x; G. ~4 [: X2 pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! D# P- f7 M: B. Udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 t9 i3 h$ ^3 G: Mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 h, ]8 G. J) h! s9 d& W& i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) l  N% o6 x% k, a8 Ktest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 I: c( \% u0 ^9 U; }, l5 dlaboratory to obtain the test.
) v* x' a- U) q* t; C8 }3 [Discussion
/ y- G4 Q: P  Z2 ~. Q& FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 C1 }# f0 o0 q3 {: `- I/ c9 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* _" Q2 K) j# A4 Y6 APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  `" S2 d- W( L( R0 Z4 R# {it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 y9 x3 q* ^$ x5 Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! v! r2 F3 q2 m3 S" Y4 J/ {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* p& X; ^& h# J: B9 _may have a central nervous system lesion that is5 Y0 O2 A7 t3 C% {, N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 b: e6 z/ ~6 _1 {2 s5 q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& r/ @% U* k$ h: x) K' d7 G! Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& {3 G! d# K1 {9 e4 |" i: Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ P) l, y3 W/ C' b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ }  ^1 _  J) ]. `' Z# w
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" j% k1 v# r# wgonadotropins.1,3
" g7 O5 y6 A4 P3 i  l2 C" wGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ R! L3 ?( Y$ I
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 A' {) d* P6 e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or; F2 [- A: ~! i1 i/ m" g
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; E; G$ ^: Z# M! \/ sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing2 |* a; S- y6 s1 W: f  ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: X  _9 |$ j6 [$ D9 r( E: uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) i  F- F# d+ @) v! j- U
puberty in boys.3,4/ p5 c) F& x, F# R
The most common form of congenital adrenal) V+ }% d6 i7 w0 W
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; s" _, X/ G* F1 bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 t  w0 u3 e, [excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ `0 S6 e0 t' D0 ^9 ~5 x) w2 e) gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; o) C8 }2 F  r4 Z8 J
excess.1,3
5 w8 T! e$ C' X% dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# {! ?, V; x( ]* F2 d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 k7 _1 T  A. b8 i# t& nA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ |, t6 t6 G( X7 ]4 K  yindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 _' [( V  V3 o
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 O8 Y' P& J, R' ]: svery young age. The physical findings in these boys
  P3 _& ~) s7 lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
; a, A2 m' `* f$ ^8 zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 R8 R7 Q6 K( m
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, B# Z$ B9 a% h5 k1 T
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# e! B, V/ r' I  v# }2 k' P0 y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( E7 t" C6 Z. p* zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% o6 E1 H/ h: T* B! ^8 Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* c/ ?' q( v) \3 Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
- x5 j! q3 S, M( Z( T0 V# q. Vmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 L3 d! V& l' r) ^0 k7 QIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
& `% D( D. f; L  lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- D9 |) L% D2 @5 K* i1 a, e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 K1 a5 y5 `1 ^0 R: zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
# Q  w' i+ C. e4 h/ r% a2 P' fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 f5 f& |4 C; r$ r* K' W, ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. z9 F1 |# W7 P6 R+ _! k9 H4 C. ]beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 r! A5 \( ^: o1 wative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 O- E5 \8 p; D- jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ E) y3 E4 a5 P% X2 v  V6 Jeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 c5 j' E( t2 [6 a8 Z) G3 F9 ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 j& P; @9 `: q" U. ]3 ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& x: Y; z4 d# E8 c  m* y/ d; [$ WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. m. }. R+ L4 j% }7 Ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 o8 Y/ L4 x$ R! Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: p8 {, [: ~7 ~# b2 T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ M$ ~9 ~1 g) u6 kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- e0 A. o6 n% }5 d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! Q* ^; @0 Q( Dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 A: i6 h4 n, p4 \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 R: o& X  @2 f* ?
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 t* ~" b+ Q4 B  Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ N: O# e' \0 M: S
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; P+ f" H- F; U: s2 K2 n, lbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 S7 f5 ?; e! ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 k" O5 U; Q  u, U& t' o4 i
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: O& f1 p2 O. g5 W1 |! T9 G5 V9 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 D( e, k7 |  Q# H  B# e' `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 ?8 q5 ~$ d8 L/ Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that6 s1 U9 ~' J9 h, T# d8 b, q6 H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  v  @. z$ t, i+ x3 i
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 Y4 p/ v) j1 M% zactive in young children exposed to testosterone
- e% U- O1 ~$ a  w! F3 Eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- F. j% l% k; s5 C5 e  }* [" f, d4 zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. B9 c! P/ r( v% ~! [virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 _$ y- k- T( G- R8 V
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 ^" Q5 T4 X  Y1 B7 _
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' {' G9 ^+ X" [- k4 cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during; j2 Z4 E  ]7 I8 X9 |) {# r
early childhood on pubertal development and final* q; ~$ j. `- [( W) J
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& |% Y+ B6 u# t. }6 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 `4 d2 v$ |3 `terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 I% n" w" F7 w5 Kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 v9 l0 v: m% [' ~
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 ~8 z1 R7 G0 g2 ^decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 u  B; y, t  `
There are conflicting reports and controversy0 s; B) O2 b0 a  M! H2 Q7 L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 f! \+ j3 Z0 g0 }( r$ Qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! Q; _$ `1 K/ F6 O9 W# Madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. {% Y& R8 p( w8 I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 D& p. z! ]! o8 O* O
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 @: a- [6 p" ]. lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, f7 n- |* g3 p: p4 hpenile length in clinical studies.6 C8 d$ W2 s9 @/ C
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 T1 y9 Y9 V: H' W% k3 e, Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 S6 r' B6 \. b- N5 Ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( C& Z6 M  c# C0 L+ Q( y$ |) lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 ?% g3 ?& H. S; ]. M2 \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' [8 ]- L' b8 M0 ?: R0 R* v
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% c, F$ X' w. o/ ?- Q& o3 `/ Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult5 x- ?0 L' p- W+ _# L3 ~
height will not be affected.
* A3 ~7 ]# Y4 O6 [  bAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( J) |" [) L* L; W
ability of androgen products in our society may. r' b/ N8 d/ I: l) U
indeed cause more virilization in male or female' R* z! k2 {1 `7 |* T/ ^  Y
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! k- z4 k& a% z# q% A' [' B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- K* V5 j8 ]6 o# x7 d
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% i2 K$ x! M% H$ Ogel should be asked of the family members during, R" b8 M8 T. i& q6 c$ g! ^$ K& o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 E# q* G7 B/ {3 C6 I5 Q8 p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ ?6 J  T7 f- F+ p8 X9 h  }2 k. n
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by+ _" r; \5 l* T) M# e
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ U1 x! a6 X, Z: o$ ~7 Mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 h1 q7 F( Z9 W
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' j/ [9 |# _6 `* C* |; u+ {
investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 Q) F/ a8 g7 P* c! h/ E+ \* baware of this fact, because most of these children
, c# H: ~' l- j0 k1 O! smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ s2 z! J: O$ K3 Z3 ADesk Reference and package insert should also put a
* O9 `2 P! q2 K' G. Q8 fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 [: Z: _3 e: V, K4 ifemale child who might come in contact with some-
" [/ ], X6 {% }/ }+ l! t; [one using any of these products.
# ]' L9 {) n6 Z) U! aReferences' y/ r$ K6 U% A/ X) J& ]* v& V
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" ]/ E. N, `% p  d7 G) C* @5 O
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 t( h. C! ?; Z+ J% w  x# w8 h: a4 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 L- u) U, w  l# Z9 ~0 i
2002: 565-628.% a  d& @- P/ g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# x; B% |3 {! L5 m/ Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* {2 K5 e- f0 v. z* c- U- Y
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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