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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 ?0 y' T2 V: P/ v' }1 C
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 U3 x* e" i0 v s9 b/ j0 O' v# [
Exposure to Testosterone
; ~: X. ?1 s* _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 i: \, c/ i, x2 a8 `% Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) I8 \: _. o) ]8 LClinical Pediatrics }, O+ U# ]/ r2 i c* y
Volume 46 Number 66 e4 r" s' w/ J. k- E. e1 ?
July 2007 540-543* [; _( j; @$ V' o9 p
© 2007 Sage Publications
# W' Q9 U" y! G' B0 S10.1177/0009922806296651
- k5 Q2 j% D; ^$ zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
9 i. W0 V% n' ?% x+ s: dhosted at/ R% X) v$ M$ j" r
http://online.sagepub.com
: ^" {, e6 ^/ l* Z! f( nPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, S5 {7 i' E+ `+ |
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* v: U8 D' j6 b2 u+ c6 N& ~+ ^0 M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 [+ w% ]* \& Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, q" d$ U( M3 Y/ R- ~$ E/ f) g7 p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ y8 H9 e" D. o% R& ?
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ L* R* `, a" C, x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 M. a. y# H. H: M3 m! N V, @
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 G# h& l5 g. Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We Q, I% g: F, e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, |4 r5 I1 q2 k2 ]$ t0 L [+ @* Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 ~8 e. t) R. R$ w) O( B! H7 u' k
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- f' b8 z7 Z* d9 ?1 I8 Y. K- P& {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' M/ i0 k( j- M% Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 J* ?+ K' E8 G A% O
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% L1 T+ o4 r% P( n3 h. w6 C. F+ \ G9 Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of& f9 T# [- D; b7 L) C& Q6 z. i4 E
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 Q* G' i; v1 `1 z9 M( s
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 O2 ]1 W4 r+ X; ^0 Bliterature.4
; ]* c1 }# i& i! q' n/ B: LPatient Report4 c$ \. y4 g1 T) x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the* I8 Q3 }8 h4 |
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 T* G/ t( l; b# ` }0 [0 c: U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
* ^% z* |& Q! q. q% T Dlight colored pubic hair development when he was
, K1 f5 T) X3 y$ A% dFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" ]/ ?- B5 B6 G& z5 W- D* @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 X$ v- `! s) s8 C* k& u3 i
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* @0 d4 J/ a. g! L3 w! n2 x* _ ?
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of. @; q9 Q+ V [( k' {5 z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 N) L M% o/ g9 Ue-mail: [email protected].
6 K: n( c8 v8 n# C v7 cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 V7 j$ H' s7 R; K' I' A; E) ~# g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
! c; r. E4 ~) Q6 Q7 k1 F+ yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child |% `5 p6 I- h n) `# ?& S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- o" @" f3 I, w' W4 R6 w5 ua birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# w0 o. \$ ^) j" k4 a20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 ?1 E) D# S; Z6 _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# _7 a- j3 t; j7 C% @1 Q# D2 ^5 j
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, d; v7 f- A W" h8 }
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# \5 D3 D3 f$ n% Z1 L
was age appropriate.# n# n* z9 y6 f0 C0 G
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 g6 t9 @$ W, \/ Y; D' }$ t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. x6 F; K. `0 Z9 ]2 Jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ X1 w5 v' Y- T& ?0 [' {" n) aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! o- g# h7 Q4 F# `1 I! d" e1 Kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. S3 K2 O+ `; J* J4 i2 l7 C
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 u: B2 E: [& X) k& o) W4 p; gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- h( k& u7 S$ S. W# S# Uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 {, X/ k. U) `5 i5 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% K+ X2 z9 D# {# U: m8 f* D) b+ K- z; f
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 i/ p$ H, |# V) Itives. There were no siblings.
, l5 F( S+ `$ U, j9 y9 q+ BPhysical Examination
# `6 |- [( u: r$ N# \ mThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 d/ @. w J$ {3 ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 K5 {6 Z X. \! t3 ~/ r( na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: ?( A8 [6 Z. p$ H& k2 {2 ~4 E/ a: C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. d& ?- g5 q. h& E( }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. a6 j8 M2 E( ]
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: w" ?7 S( M0 @
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 W2 I' K, M! `7 `# J4 b& F; n) [
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- s% @6 o# Q; s+ ^3 y& I6 g
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 ^9 j# N. N$ ^7 d7 `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ Z# C' Q+ o& U8 J, v9 A# R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% } \0 u- O4 c( x# \" A; B$ W540/ f5 S5 Z' u }5 y/ J# ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) q; ?: o- D$ ]the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' V: K, r. U+ v
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 U# F1 w% j& v) q4 U. t; m
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; C$ f" `1 v' k( Y7 N' y2 ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no/ _7 d* D) m# n" W; s' b% H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ o; ?/ K: R% H! `) l
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 @# u) `/ Y6 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) l& t+ \0 v' _+ h) {! Z/ J6 z
of papilledema.
% d% h/ J; ?) N1 Q. d7 oLaboratory Evaluation: p4 h& N3 D% L+ C) J7 ^, B0 ~
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! {( K5 f! l. q8 A/ j& lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, e4 K% @2 i. \5 m/ x. s5 z3 x
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, G9 q& `6 Q6 J) Akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( Y5 @/ c9 @3 Z" d$ j, O0 K- H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, ^% M2 t# s6 ~
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* q' C$ w, Q6 ^0 k
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 c7 E) O' l3 [) p: R
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: k0 ? h# \3 B2 \) }6 Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) I- z3 x0 ?# P( P- _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* d% d* E! x. T) D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 ~$ j& R. s1 }5 v9 q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- r, ^ F" F8 a0 _/ c! eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- V3 P1 T2 K) \' P4 wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 T9 S4 p2 i: B+ d4 J$ t9 T. q" m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 K/ o2 [' y1 nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) X4 Q# b: c# ~1 K Z/ c2 K
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total q5 l" q9 O N' O
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 [3 D7 m5 v1 I3 n `+ d& Q4 Fand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 r9 V i, N' _6 i: |2 q, V, Y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! C4 k E: L( H% Z- }( p
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* q8 c- d" `! l# C4 m7 g( Q! L1 xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! j8 ]7 i8 W! w(prepubertal).4 L e& |# n' `$ F8 x
The parents were notified about the laboratory4 |" N1 S( V5 {( U9 U9 \! ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
) s: p9 ^( ^( N4 M: ?3 C% Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: H1 V, s/ G: N0 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& l) H: l/ T4 k; fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, E6 m% s4 ^" C( b) e. z7 Z# Cever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 |4 S# t4 K/ D/ d6 S& U6 ~
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 V/ x/ F, o- {2 I. ^$ X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
s' e( a! \7 f6 @0 }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 m+ L, O0 ^ Z" p! R* m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 m+ K* Z# r. |" l# L9 w$ ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; T: E7 X" R% r+ g2 `0 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( z. r6 q0 ?. w# R7 H1 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% p# L% G1 E( K W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav- `" R8 @0 |0 T9 ?
ing frequent erections.
7 @1 |* R/ v& f* j) M- ~5 a& @# IBoth parents were again questioned about use of
{' s9 f8 a4 y$ {. iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 l; |( h4 O4 M1 a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' }+ x: M; K( ~9 @" LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 t/ r s$ B" }; o6 vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! U- @2 Q: t/ i. @; d S# q* c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% `5 A" q1 ~2 y {, w# i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. v" l( d" a3 z8 a! m Z$ ]
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 b! ~# R y; M9 q' J O8 f. ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& W! V0 J; K: j) g, m/ D( usecondary to depression.
/ n: @* c! `0 R; ~3 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.' B0 |) A9 x1 m4 e
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 P) U3 |# f. W" K) d9 Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ y" U! O' a7 {! g# R$ h% A" j, F8 ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father. ]( \, D) x. D, A6 p0 M
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: o; F' T8 F0 }6 w2 N; u
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 }" q. q$ h$ V' @
was high, he then read the product information8 s- z( M3 i3 S$ Z1 @5 V+ }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 b0 v. f6 `- P2 C* m* I
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 ^6 X$ d* u4 x5 a0 W0 F; w* Y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; P1 D% \1 [/ H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( f* L( h( y' j4 ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, h* @- Z: @3 Gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the. u1 c5 J' Z' \
laboratory to obtain the test.. C: h# o* L$ L: j
Discussion
: n+ ~& j; v7 z8 @8 b4 sPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! C1 `/ m1 |* t0 V8 B0 D
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 Y5 w4 U' G. e( ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% j6 n) J$ z. a" ]7 a0 \: {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 y: _5 Y7 p5 n- Z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; Y: E# z# p7 e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! \4 d7 o- C9 x l# A" Q
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ N" ^! B5 M$ I) ` ~
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ o l2 E! i- N5 y4 pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) `6 s+ e- Y! z2 n) Qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 b9 D) B2 H7 c) e" g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 w- ?' U+ p- ~" m% ^4 {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- V- f6 Q& q$ F% l) krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" w/ r( T! N9 ], ?4 bgonadotropins.1,3" o) w- C# }; B8 }; ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 U6 E. n7 i5 J" N# W. n0 }" O M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 F% f9 g3 @5 D' pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 H6 t: W$ o9 m3 ]4 a5 I7 Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ |) ~4 `' I u! f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 k z3 ]1 l' ~- p- y( econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 ` g6 \% Z1 `4 S5 v0 S) sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. p: f( I4 Y6 @: W% d! X upuberty in boys.3,4
3 v& c( K! Q6 l! }The most common form of congenital adrenal
6 T! y, k; { ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# O, x! }3 q0 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) m* j- W, Z& pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 W# L! x. B; [; q S' a( k2 u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 l- X$ c* J' s: R& ?3 ?( [! Eexcess.1,3' }& A0 P! `( A, X+ T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: U$ R. h( ?5 j/ o! F" Q
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007, Q4 S$ P7 |, u2 Z: p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ m `# j _4 ]0 n4 p" aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* F) b. N4 H" E8 @" f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# U+ [9 Q; c. o) p7 v& Cvery young age. The physical findings in these boys- S) b$ ]1 |9 a/ \0 r/ {* O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; \) S0 V8 i- L# y# ]0 A, F1 Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ G& z0 i& u, |6 a$ Y3 D0 H
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ R. q0 J4 i# W/ F
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 T1 K: z0 I" l" Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- `# k) w0 w& treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 g2 ^, Q2 A5 v _" y) ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* i& S2 _ ` m" F0 R; `males; therefore, other male members of the family
* S; G/ q7 I# t# s. J/ k" E9 Q& smay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 X* W n5 A3 t& c8 A; MIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ {" M4 ]& L7 h+ u! D) C; U: jsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi- k2 H; C7 F( V, N. b3 [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: _5 a6 T; t& C' F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 a4 |9 s8 {6 Hstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 h7 O' [' l) }9 [( gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 E/ ^3 j" c( ?! [+ ~1 _
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( b- `4 f1 i- |! b# q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- }9 Y8 p* l! b3 b! ` q2 xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( ] w/ H- W- q+ seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 }; E. J0 X. |; Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- x' {4 V5 l% g+ `, b
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 k) x+ |" Z+ NThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 \5 e4 s7 |) Q$ c5 Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& O$ z4 j3 C' k: ?" xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-) z" {! E: ^6 T0 S0 u
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! \& `& G( T: J
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 {1 ?; \. s+ t0 A0 m9 m$ [* bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( r& T: K4 L C2 j
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" H% H5 i' Z5 ]0 H/ E) M4 m. y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& x# Q7 P9 B$ V" `: i) ^/ @- y2 ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 \2 U5 y% n5 Z6 n! |5 Q/ D# O, q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, s8 g* p+ b6 cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 o- N, w/ a4 i- \3 r: y) y, T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
- A5 x1 A/ C3 X; Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 ]+ k% K5 v2 l9 B Y+ }. j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( k: ~, F, s3 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 i$ S# N: [) [1 g: aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" Q" f: Z9 B% u& Jwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 p1 s+ \0 S1 Z5 }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 ~! J9 z% }: z/ I; Z8 F& v/ S; H
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' [2 N$ D. c- E
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 X1 u6 U/ p, ]/ texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! s0 Y) \! c. C" i, }! D
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 P8 a% s' q3 f9 C$ Ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, f) i- l; G2 t5 [children results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ V) c8 o. w. j# q. Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ U9 I# S4 i3 Z8 D7 A2 OThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 I3 f5 C4 M- }- o) ^
early childhood on pubertal development and final
0 T6 {4 O4 q* U# O* Wadult height are not fully known and always remain* W/ _' g. r- w# l2 C# {9 S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% C K( [# I1 D2 i. E' ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# ?% b; d+ n+ y- Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 V( j) W: C; z# @" ^1 v V* Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 T! X) ^4 U$ C; b9 g1 T& [
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 ^. z4 j% e' s2 w. v" U
There are conflicting reports and controversy' s' Y L: X* }! S0 a8 i2 @ {, I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( E! N [/ _, M* I3 Qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( D# G- x% b3 y: k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# E* K0 y+ v' a Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* P* z4 A Q$ M2 L( J- A: FSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 T- I9 Q3 V" l7 [! [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% U$ S) I1 ?4 t: S9 _ M3 Upenile length in clinical studies., f4 G6 x) q6 r
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" o' u: H) p1 Egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 ^4 ?8 Q8 O# G. V( ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; T* j _5 T. ~+ q" E4 d7 p/ Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 P: M. \7 S5 y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of- u+ f* P" k, G( B7 H% U+ F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ S3 b* |+ I) b9 r8 L
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- y* s8 V1 V) o6 x7 r2 E1 }height will not be affected.
" b& S9 m) f# H# |. GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: ]6 F( q7 g) r7 q, F4 A; J
ability of androgen products in our society may
, f: n8 a& o: s# D# s) n4 u& Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female6 u, S" O4 _/ ]! m
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ l6 P) r/ F* A" W; y0 Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ x% j' X, Q; ]6 a$ ]
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 C0 R7 H( t$ F. Q/ k! V8 t
gel should be asked of the family members during
& w8 _( `: l. `& S, }( }% ?/ Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( [% B2 _% I: p3 T( g6 @& Z) Q9 [- u9 \4 o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% e: a7 ]# C. F' a: h! @1 Z& ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 ^& Y7 k! d, M4 Q; Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) K' |1 j* U- L" ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" ^% A# `# W$ X1 r& F& c& E' vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( u8 w4 e: z5 z: ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be
& b1 E. D, g9 M$ u |aware of this fact, because most of these children
. D9 E: C# L, C; q$ ~7 ~! B/ smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ f- u! E& z; e# B4 H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ X/ `* R0 O1 X& u; I5 X2 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
% p8 i6 _: E; O* J4 L% O( f+ R: zfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 K. y, v0 p% P
one using any of these products.
6 ~- G/ H% u. A9 w$ |7 {0 P2 BReferences
3 _" k' m- Q1 Z% M" E! a1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 P+ X, e# ?/ o% G, x4 Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ B8 i' |# F7 E4 U( t3 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" n# p" B) R6 e- l; \
2002: 565-628.
' H: l3 @( ]7 G( D5 l/ Y. l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* f8 D% c; i+ {+ Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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