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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. S# x* R6 p6 G7 v' kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 ?- n, @- i' `2 UExposure to Testosterone
* a0 Q5 l1 K: I0 ZSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* W. v9 t: w/ @- M  ?" s8 d
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  _- D9 ]) L/ {6 l5 h! D
Clinical Pediatrics
& M2 W- U# f! @% C: H4 \Volume 46 Number 6
4 g% b! z/ K7 @0 s# s, L6 mJuly 2007 540-543: F- x& Q3 K6 w! G
© 2007 Sage Publications$ j, A$ u" `3 c; C/ l5 N* [2 P
10.1177/0009922806296651
- _2 \7 S* L( P5 thttp://clp.sagepub.com- t- k) N8 {- \) \+ `9 d
hosted at
1 m& H: `' X2 C# fhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 W' f9 B; U8 z# X( B* h9 VPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
& P4 A* G2 g# j$ mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; h* ~; O  x1 ~precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ Q$ Q3 p9 y# K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: K& E" g# {5 O+ Z$ t) D, p. u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! ?9 Q; I5 `5 d, h, W
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. b) Q0 Q! X% r/ ?' ?6 hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 M" ~9 v# c) `9 S: c) Chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 _; P# U6 m7 J  B: }cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 V$ x3 t, R. j! }* E
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) s& ]/ r1 t' `( Q7 V
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! J' [1 F- m# ]* N; n& S
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 A2 Y  D4 T, c' c# ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. c/ u  t: k' b& A: [; athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ L! i/ z! t: Z& _mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 ]4 j: Z  ?2 q0 b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- f9 Y6 c' M+ T5 _7 U; t/ Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" |6 B( r, o9 i( c" T* m
bly more common than the rare case report in the. P. y% m! u/ E) O! m- J6 b3 a" g
literature.4
) g2 v* D: j: DPatient Report9 b' a- u* t2 o- D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! r& M  @* ]7 o2 `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. {" ~$ y& c3 p+ q7 o5 j$ J, dof early sexual development. His mother noticed4 K3 L9 W5 {  |5 H0 r
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ c$ Y1 |0 `% K0 r0 e. O
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; Y: ]* e" O) q( F/ [) k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' d4 a& c$ B4 Q4 V/ p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 a6 o6 y% }- J0 s
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" s4 y. w+ z9 h  T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# t( g; g* o3 d; _/ b( Te-mail: [email protected].
& k# R6 m4 ~# Fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; H+ E1 h. m  W+ Jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: {3 r% c4 T# J# N* E6 H" Kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  V$ I5 K+ J: F3 [" S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& @# R5 h8 o" z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: J1 y( v3 U  ~1 N5 o6 w
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; J) V5 ?- g; Q& d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 ~$ X1 _# d: m$ G( {5 i3 e8 i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 I& s) `8 C  n0 a' [9 h, }9 F
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& r8 x% x- i. o9 Q" u; c  q: v
was age appropriate.6 x, {) B  o, g2 u
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ J  [% Z& p9 w0 m8 |, [5 i, Vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 O- V" v" ?: ]  _3 ?: c( I- b) }& jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 b2 ]8 F3 t2 o3 j
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat0 D# _9 K" [) r0 p: D8 Y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! y8 x6 w7 ?9 x: [1 |The father denied taking any other medication. The
; H# f7 d2 h2 U7 w4 f/ nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 ]  O( h8 O0 X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; C4 X) Y) r) X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( @! ?2 {- U3 h! `9 D
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' v, `6 T9 T( \; |& Q6 |
tives. There were no siblings.
8 T( v2 A; c# y& z% k, c0 EPhysical Examination6 N5 O/ f( y2 y& }' G8 P/ M, }
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" P& _- L9 s  h5 x9 r0 f! Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 H# T; A$ a& ^a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 [* m3 F2 B2 b+ {' h/ {' S2 q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& Q4 x2 S/ t/ m- Q7 }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! l& b1 t9 m" H4 Z& o* H; z6 p3 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 Y, i' H6 I' gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; w# G! H0 d/ S0 E6 A, B8 NThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 ~2 [5 B, r: z6 L( k& k' G7 V7 ]
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* @% u# c* }2 r" p7 u) z" j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- X$ ]# F) M0 a) o+ p
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; A& t+ S! i9 J6 P% T. u) M$ a
5400 z& f9 ^- U$ y! F9 N/ x& U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 Q" P. P8 ~0 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 s2 |, Y7 r- L( n7 e% ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ U5 A: K# B0 L) X3 JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; Y. y: o- M- E: W" Zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  @" S/ s: c, b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ V& C1 N9 ^1 }$ h! BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 c  t* Z0 g/ C9 [, p( sbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 ~# T" e$ h0 ]; g. r( T8 ^" xof papilledema.
7 s) {  }% o0 x' ~  ALaboratory Evaluation
6 B9 C3 G9 J5 E" n2 k/ W* p! u- iThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* K9 S5 [  `% }3 t) a9 [* d( a
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 C2 K2 F4 |# E# t* j" Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: c* i6 h2 E+ w. B) x- G* x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& A1 d# B6 R) P% U
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 z! G7 Q3 u6 d6 l+ clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% P. [$ D! p# p) G* p& G1 l
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& f, {4 a, |% P/ S6 \5 L# R
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; U9 V( V' r5 w9 w' s5 ?9 S9 K
within normal range for his age. The concentration: Y6 y! s0 {) e0 Z+ p, e' U
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 B! d: o/ Q! _$ j' D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( \! c8 c2 Y4 _  c7 Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( U( U) F0 `* Qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* u# @( ]; K1 d; H$ j+ r
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( |/ v1 R. w. m3 Z7 ~/ Q- v! f' s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" Z2 N' ]; b4 A$ z0 Y% qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# N+ B* _# S) z1 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 A4 M3 K; |. B3 B/ gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 N% n- @- ^0 G0 ^: o+ `$ vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( @. I0 D. m. J* S( \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  V" j8 F* Q6 r! l$ e
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% J2 S) F) p+ e6 ^" u2 {, }
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; y4 K0 y6 V7 F0 d& Q( m, ^
(prepubertal).
( t1 i& O% Z+ L( i- }, U0 AThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 z/ r0 m; b  E3 uresults and were informed that all of the tests were" D( q, h6 W/ x9 k" R, g0 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The3 M( C# \, [- H
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( A" q/ T# b3 C9 R! e# _& O
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; s& f! ?; y3 L5 V- Cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# y! p/ h0 O5 z& v# L' C! I0 ~Physical examination at this time revealed that the
  ^7 X$ y" G! A: jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  ^2 l9 Y. e! w2 e$ G6 b8 h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) V; O5 S3 m+ D9 y. T0 P* s: L$ t4 [
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) ^3 Q$ m/ p- H* X5 w, b3 Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& u7 n0 [/ I. ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ @8 K/ Y! b2 h8 r9 E; YmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' F8 p7 w* b0 y" U/ k0 P, w! t5 \The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 J  ^( _9 ?: j1 U0 \3 F# h
ing frequent erections.
, V/ g. Y: D7 {1 sBoth parents were again questioned about use of0 \) a0 X0 d2 b8 w# ?) Z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
/ A$ X' F4 y! G- L/ bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- h0 W( p, `% r' b) c8 GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 @+ V" t, l$ ~; \1 T- \! V
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-6 ^3 O6 N% Z7 e- P* S& g$ S; S* L
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. E2 S' x4 C" Q' y: Na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; a: {1 [- d- t, M8 `1 Y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 m2 U( e/ Z7 ~. r. m$ d! Y( Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 ^- l/ t- k0 q  m& ?
secondary to depression.
) n/ r' P& C; |  Q5 ]1 ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.
, u( e( T* Q  `4 j8 _6 L& \' fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 I, v9 Z3 U3 X0 v2 W* v" A* Echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 |8 Z4 z8 E/ F4 I& x
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.6 w2 M' E  v% [0 `! O1 u. i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' ]; `4 H8 v/ p: U' F$ e- \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ B8 y9 Y2 d" J, d+ U. }$ dwas high, he then read the product information
* }$ l! _4 n3 {2 }( w! e0 upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ K$ d0 w, j) Q' N/ N: C
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! `& E% d! H( a+ [8 Z0 L- `+ t  F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. k4 r! k; n* c/ b) M0 hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had- R" i! B3 y7 d  Y, u# b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) z4 m% L1 P/ v8 K0 Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: V- J3 ], F! k0 Dlaboratory to obtain the test.
8 }. Q$ `4 H  [' D- E* _* e. hDiscussion
. S" Y1 N# O$ e" j$ m* DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 q! x0 |+ I9 x: q8 T3 E. ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
- t8 T, J% w2 Z- |& GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 h) `4 \$ k( k6 wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" H; i" ^2 F  `9 {/ P! H* m( `
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 x# H2 H8 h+ V1 e5 E
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 b4 v4 b, e! U( s  L8 Cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( r! q* @0 f8 m  ~* ?& i- d: m
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, G3 q7 S) H; e1 B$ P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' N, X. `. O. h- V  U/ a& tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 Q) A3 m# |$ E; t8 I' z  b" @
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, f9 S- I2 w3 c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' @7 J: G4 t" G0 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; V2 I* Y0 I2 Q- }
gonadotropins.1,3
6 E% q) ]5 c' u9 W! jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 Y; W8 x2 C) \
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 {4 v2 H; R0 g8 S$ ]1 ]6 `androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& z  i( W4 Q+ W4 |exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) V! Z9 \, F/ a& e) W+ H( |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% t/ q$ ?3 r4 c& Rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* J; {/ f& J3 r( s9 R
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. z- P" J& @: r/ spuberty in boys.3,4
- x- ~3 G; v: a: c& iThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% M! y. ?! M2 `/ X. r# fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: }. ^& Y- ~  W. UThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% U1 x4 z- d9 K( Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& m( |/ [( |6 d# S9 c' y) van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 o' v. R; N. n
excess.1,3
0 Y( g. N, j6 L- c( A  r) m. n  dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 T6 x4 m; [7 d5 z! G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20071 a; y5 k9 _7 c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, i' T8 e, O' P0 Y5 Bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 C3 e1 W* r4 r: Q# [9 d" R
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ ^) U6 X$ ?: P! `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" G1 ^: @" L5 y! t: G7 g5 @with this disorder are full pubertal development,$ K2 z' ]' x/ S1 B" J  K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ `3 E& _% X$ g; s( L4 N
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ S  I4 ^5 q! o* U+ S2 uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
. R! O: |" [* z8 T# K% hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& ~2 I4 s" q! ~* K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked( G4 M5 e! [- o# A8 G( `# @- I& ~$ y
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 m8 N4 q( F( Q+ Y, T4 {3 s+ A* r" H
males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 i6 b$ I( r: n+ ]( I- v' r+ h& Amay have similar precocious puberty.3( T6 S3 F6 b& G- Q& e- @
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" r3 f9 g2 u5 T
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" }4 K; H4 e) L4 o7 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' e# W* X! _+ [8 C; m' Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
  m$ w/ C8 Q" n$ h4 a% Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 p* _* |+ c8 e6 S, x7 V; m
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* U) r/ r' Y0 T" c4 C: ^- E% i
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ H, h$ {9 K7 _" G3 @+ d
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 F) R! n- q  |* v9 K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 x$ g$ N( M# I2 ^3 d; ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# e) q3 B9 x* r- r' m( @: x/ Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: Y. U9 y! ^% U( E7 h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 j) `# y) J% e8 S1 H9 vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 W4 @4 ~. h) H$ K( `suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! a0 B* j2 p  D" J4 W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% j/ a: Q6 @3 s4 kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& V2 ^( x- C$ V1 z- t9 W9 I( Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& p: C0 e# w' ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% h; G) w# F/ s' o) musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. z4 W4 L5 k, ]% f; n/ K0 ADesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
4 l1 c/ {: P3 h) D6 a+ \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 ^" x# B- c+ w6 munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, i$ P" r: V5 \; y- dSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ t' u7 C. a" w. U  N  xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% ~( F! q9 m: W  w4 Q: ]4 Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# X- g0 r% w: `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 g* y$ ^' g6 m$ t" B. `7 V
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 T1 O! I9 [1 C
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. o, E% x$ @: W' }5 zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- B8 I4 t7 g2 m# _) r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ s) c1 A/ P" M
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: w! I( `5 v. T# W2 q3 h
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. X0 [2 R1 M. `7 ]( E, _) bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ A! M/ D$ |, g( m. f
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, I6 y# o: a4 Y/ s
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  t# N3 m" w: F1 O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& T% X8 G5 P. t' _! }# kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 v5 h6 @0 e5 T+ ~5 D5 D
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# A8 z* h- J  J, d/ L  m
early childhood on pubertal development and final
4 z' u* O' o; ?  S) I: |adult height are not fully known and always remain9 a. x* X# A( N3 o. B* U( R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& L2 r- x! L+ n8 c& U* w" D6 j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: g5 }4 [) k0 S, G$ ]- k  z# O1 |acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after3 k) }, j. r& k* f& I: A# H  Q; N" t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* A) q( G' R. U0 c2 y, v% z& {6 I
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 I+ H2 J' A8 y8 vThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 L5 ?* Z" a' Y' zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 ]# S* u: r7 P% I  y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal$ U$ ?* E% W1 ?5 P4 v2 q/ L' V
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& i' G1 i4 P. X) h: p, P4 l6 z; K$ g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ g, d- c/ D% f! XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" E" A5 U" j$ p! Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 t9 }. ]( F. @8 }8 e- S4 }
penile length in clinical studies.7 E, M6 [1 d7 Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
- x( p2 a& k9 h3 k$ C. f- O# Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 r+ E  E* ~$ z6 K$ S. `testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& S6 v/ G7 U+ N/ f4 Uthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 {9 |7 ?/ H. f: x5 [0 JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
! q8 q: O/ }3 V2 |$ O+ Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( J: A. Y3 C$ u$ j9 z, A! p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
8 y+ K1 D! T& d* l& aheight will not be affected.
; ?; B+ R* y9 x2 UAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 `2 Z3 L6 v: r6 Z2 f, h" _  R
ability of androgen products in our society may
) c% i% T/ X9 T% y( [1 Oindeed cause more virilization in male or female
: J' H; _5 X6 o) L$ Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" Q) w3 b( u' |5 k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. |* z- |3 K- F/ c* Q5 l1 J) |/ H& otioning about the use of a testosterone product or. z* V( b  K8 i# V' D$ E, B( Q. x
gel should be asked of the family members during
, h1 b( h9 L3 wthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! L: y  {" @9 N' o: Pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) f  T4 x2 i+ \0 \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. i/ L0 Y  {0 E: w( z9 Y- A
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 n! X  {% d+ @
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
  m2 Y; [. z+ q3 Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. n, D$ P6 |8 R9 `3 k- `
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 `# M& L2 T- A' k+ r7 k/ p! h- d3 P
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 I& B3 _" ~% V8 k' k; |; G0 o
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; {& S! ?) B# g. w$ r5 l$ @
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
# Q* b  @- `4 E- B5 M$ j6 ]$ Rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 h) T8 s6 n' ?2 I; ~female child who might come in contact with some-' |$ X$ Y8 e( g4 z2 U
one using any of these products.
2 L) k3 r* Q, y7 S. C# hReferences
1 n" l/ S6 }; {- E0 K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& `8 r( v/ {8 H, C& M, ?
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 x: M! V" P1 r, Q+ ]* t, g) g6 y) K9 uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* ]) P2 w: @9 ]) q7 W# j2002: 565-628.1 x5 ]* i* V7 V5 V/ a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' z1 A5 Z) P9 b& `- r" D- N% l
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 ^# x; t6 e+ Y* o  P8 i3 L8 i8 ~
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! ~, U3 K+ C6 G) {% @
Exposure to Testosterone
2 F4 d/ m' N! b8 x/ e' l$ L2 q6 DSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
% u) B5 ^* ~. P5 |$ Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 Q3 T# A" P) @7 H4 O9 S; Q
Clinical Pediatrics
/ }; c+ U; V5 j. p- dVolume 46 Number 6
) S( O3 v' O5 R4 Q1 m4 mJuly 2007 540-543
6 w* M7 h9 x8 G© 2007 Sage Publications
1 E% D* P3 U+ b1 Q7 A" S8 t. P10.1177/0009922806296651* q9 F" x* ?0 D! K
http://clp.sagepub.com3 w' s) p& U' U$ d( D8 Q& V
hosted at2 a2 d" Q7 v  j0 {
http://online.sagepub.com
$ w; ~) I9 V4 F1 `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: c* s3 g  Y2 ?5 P; |( `) ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 F; E' s/ X1 ^- eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: e7 i  ^0 V0 v8 f8 N) v
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% o& F4 F& @8 j& D+ a7 m( d4 Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 C+ t" `  E5 }, w2 C; Q; Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 \7 a3 j0 d6 q3 U( _3 D5 {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 [, [. @7 |" M% l( o, y  o- s
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# ]  e3 p! `/ `( I$ r5 ^
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) ~7 i) K) d- L. G$ treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( G7 k+ N9 D' U) B  R2 }
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 A: c) B+ ^$ r+ Wment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 W) [* m" ]) I5 F1 u$ E5 e' V
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% l6 s) H( F# ~7 I6 E
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ q% `2 y6 a( w6 }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 F* U7 C6 d( d8 Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, d& b7 [5 y- r/ P( h2 @( Dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  G% d9 U1 D( K# X( g7 p; y& A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
  b' c0 l9 y  _! K) f+ D& gliterature.4
- K" I5 v! ~7 b" B. ^6 }9 cPatient Report
% P7 q0 D( P+ Z  zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% ^/ ^, s) ]+ t3 R- P0 _2 Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 @( l( K+ d6 m3 I1 ?of early sexual development. His mother noticed& o: f8 t2 w5 p; @$ {. ?# {0 O
light colored pubic hair development when he was
; U5 U' D& M  L( B7 A9 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! g- W/ ]# W" r  q4 g9 W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# {/ ^; c5 l6 k9 p8 w  WAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,9 [" k: C5 a1 B9 `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' v' h, f! N' g( H' H4 o
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 ]5 i/ _  w9 U" j4 Te-mail: [email protected]., y- g2 K/ y% ^# v% \% Z0 i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( U, b0 A2 R/ V- u. k1 d
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 w- {4 M0 l" V" K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ^' ?$ F' |' w; p: A" ?! R) c6 nwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  V" a6 e3 M! }
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 o6 }% _* h  \& v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 f% d* P! |8 {6 r1 t
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ W. d& O4 f, G2 @4 I, V% u7 q6 P! N& a! Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' y# h3 U, P! \! D
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 Y+ w/ l0 F4 m
was age appropriate.
$ i0 @  J# h  J0 s$ A  h; r2 ~- i- qThe family history was remarkable for the father,% B7 e$ X+ Z! c: T9 [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* B1 L. X! P. h% j( S$ kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# E  D1 n" l+ E# A5 U4 i
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 K4 j  I4 x0 L9 N5 S5 U0 y- Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  U: h+ J+ ^! \+ AThe father denied taking any other medication. The, M. V9 e1 m" D* [  ~5 h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) S' p1 T( I( |8 P/ k$ }1 h' o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( h' `: m7 z: T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* n# e( y7 j# V; B) y1 L* R1 {
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, B. {8 ?! I1 ytives. There were no siblings.
  ~- t4 f5 z/ D. D/ jPhysical Examination
" |- ^: L; c' b% i9 m, QThe physical examination revealed a very active,
& t3 K. c# B! q% F! u* ]9 Iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 |8 Z: W6 x, v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 E2 D9 x3 @4 `% S! w# O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; a0 n6 H5 O6 _- }
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 m  u% z: K. M7 x7 ]
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; w# n2 \" F9 N6 `- Cthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. j# C) N& F/ ]7 w5 F
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, ?9 F1 M/ S( }2 y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ R7 `8 i7 ^* o* y6 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 @4 }+ n) ?- i0 s4 P- gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ J$ e0 k" p: h, ^
5406 Z7 m# o# t& h6 w/ U0 R' W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) m; K8 E% J" x3 I, S/ ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- [: l! n+ \! ?( n* P- f0 x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 j8 c! y; Y, ]/ Q  B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- Z4 c" D. K. R# goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 e5 ~8 }) D: E, ?7 g" L7 ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& l! V0 U6 g9 B1 w. |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 s" @7 U# S5 Q" K# Z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; f3 q" q5 }3 G' z6 Q! P
of papilledema.4 j- p$ C. C$ H0 a
Laboratory Evaluation
( G7 x4 e0 g/ U2 i6 O7 nThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 Y) S4 w& z( N5 _+ }
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 g$ |1 L$ y6 ?- j6 y, V" ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 {1 a& q" z& c* n3 G% J' Pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ S( _" L: I# ^! B  R8 ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: \7 I. _: S( n$ Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 S! Q) }4 i- X- p& ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ `5 g3 A) ?4 [2 @2 d  Aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. E- D3 B2 D  s) u- k! p1 hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
4 r8 K6 z+ g+ S/ hof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* N3 P' K: ]7 P; N
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 q& f! d( T+ }3 @# Lng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. J/ v9 u# l1 l% h6 G/ `( B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 F9 x- T( k4 ~" {/ w5 ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' Q5 P, O- p! e; o7 C# a9 k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ `% c1 S; f* g, J4 }. w. jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 L) U  ]1 |0 @- Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 }7 b7 E) E& j/ r9 k! V$ G( J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 W0 x. l* m9 Yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  _# I$ j8 t+ f2 B. u: r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 C/ U! a7 N1 W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. w6 _& X( q3 b2 U" K" j# [5 K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# w3 {- s" x+ s(prepubertal).: k; w9 S( c. C6 m$ {8 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory* z8 E& z: A, y
results and were informed that all of the tests were& W% Z& T- S7 n& V2 u& U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# [" r; g) {" z& H
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 N$ C* B4 c2 y; r. a3 j5 oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* y  n! j* @* M; w, j; v" W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) H! h% K9 a. \* N" V) p: m; APhysical examination at this time revealed that the7 R  k1 l; b  ]; z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ P- ], ~" V: s" S5 E
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 S1 l% N8 e, _8 H$ v, Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' _" T# c4 [" t7 i# }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% V- \# @6 d4 t0 Q% H0 uthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; S! q' a1 L+ O: B
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ @8 l1 H7 G, w6 R! x$ q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ ]2 o' N/ G  u% D; J+ ~* @( x
ing frequent erections.+ k1 V4 h) _1 W+ g, ?9 v
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 T. e4 d5 k# y" E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 G( r- s1 D$ S
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. s9 U6 H- i- D* fTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% i) s8 X" I- J/ [# [7 ?use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 J* K# @& y( ^3 x# p5 V4 t' ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 b' M& e, ]6 q2 y4 Q3 u* |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 w- [1 l% _" ~1 h; _8 yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 v; s* e: F: D% dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# F* ^1 X% ]( n2 ~  P" w
secondary to depression.
7 P( g, D( \6 r/ C* F/ E9 QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 ]8 z  m4 s3 [& F# H7 P7 m' ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& y; y7 Q" _' G& Y% a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% F# G7 w4 o/ S% u' f5 a" I: gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 a9 R1 y% `; i1 P( k6 y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 j3 T) @' u  T- w6 \1 o
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 t# ?: m1 E( Mwas high, he then read the product information
- O% n  H  E/ W( ]4 K3 jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 v- B' P. i) |; i/ G% Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% g9 n, }1 |4 e+ U
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ N3 Y! g8 l; D' ~( c0 |. Wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: |& ?6 N/ B" H: P' x% }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 c' E* j$ p+ ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- `$ m% d1 l: W0 a; @. W
laboratory to obtain the test.& X1 p4 Z; X- @/ \/ F, v
Discussion
, t0 A4 h4 x2 X; z0 `+ A) nPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% a% a4 ~6 [( e+ Psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
8 L- ~) I: @9 F5 J& [+ XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' [" m$ c, {  f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 p! V) D0 c1 f' B/ u  T  P( [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-0 C- N2 t7 r# b9 F" y" b
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 S5 v. k/ ?3 E) qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is0 S$ Q' s  l) Q$ W, W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" |9 A7 A" [5 K2 V% G
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& R. b% C% y& P: Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( d, W, ]) P! a, Tboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 ~; j: ^# F( |ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" ~9 [' o, U& t% r: `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) ?8 e4 Z, V  b( d1 P  Z, ^
gonadotropins.1,3- ^- g  R$ w( U' ]$ F' H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 ?9 p# l( D7 G" ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* M5 {' L" S$ \1 I" F7 g& randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ g7 }  [( D/ o* u! @% wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% p9 M8 e: R  b6 l, E
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; ]8 j  F5 j1 ]& m4 c6 Y  r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) L% c; K8 t- f7 C6 d3 v, N
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 x1 j* e; U) E, w3 ipuberty in boys.3,4
0 j) X3 J' U# J" z3 XThe most common form of congenital adrenal
* ~4 N2 V, R, |. Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' l/ p4 d- O1 P% }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" b$ M( k6 t. B/ \( r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' U+ s) R; Q; S, s2 G& [an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 o: i% B! t7 \5 I" ?excess.1,3
) r. |* ~1 B4 P8 L) f' j! pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ R9 ~# C- j3 S% R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! x9 a# B3 i$ s, F3 _5 C; _  CA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 W& V5 G+ F5 t2 j. s6 findependent precocious puberty, which is also known! C" G$ R2 n% l3 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# I! F4 `5 a- j1 z- T  Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 _3 w* P; _  c% K; A, b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ u8 ~+ I* L9 l" Z# ~1 K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; Q3 L- }5 y# o6 J$ h1 H9 ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- k0 U1 |* {7 W9 ^9 Y; O7 k% nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  w' a4 ^, P, |7 dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' ^) p  T$ U; O4 {& e8 s
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 w4 @7 A8 g: Z% r+ Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 z% U. a/ y# p
males; therefore, other male members of the family! }9 c: C. j" f% |) A: Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3- V2 z- @& p( U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 U5 P% Q) }% Rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 Z* f3 A- K; ?7 [0 G
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; e- F, ^3 |8 S7 Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, }5 l9 Y7 Y4 v8 u7 B7 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% P. D( k2 v( s( \4 z/ b4 rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ d6 t7 I  h; ^7 L( mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 ?% T$ }# D7 q- N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 R; D) z2 k( q5 Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 F' {- A) l, m0 L( e4 m" Q6 `/ R
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 A0 I5 ~8 \: U+ r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 s1 W8 b; ?6 s% v/ r7 Z: Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" q% V7 g, B4 h: G% W3 jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b3 W: t' u1 v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ g5 v+ U) q2 ^2 q( ^the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& L! K! h; `! g, i/ A8 X0 F
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 X' N: Y% }# V) ]& O. Xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: a" C3 L. w+ ~( [! ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 J4 M. Q4 b! M# h) Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; L% d/ s9 r) ^! e/ KDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. W6 z6 }/ m& u
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 x1 L' q9 `, {) @( F3 G. z, Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.8 v8 s) Q+ O# g$ \: H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. c$ F2 ], B/ @2 c  }baseline value in those females who were exposed to
! D  f  Q; e( ?" C+ {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# b: t' m7 h+ {" G9 y" P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ |1 {* x* g. B$ j2 j7 Ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! P& B: ^! T' O' V% i# {
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  G' x0 T% u" L  N/ u3 t. `* ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- v: c0 l5 C, F5 C" ]- sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 O5 p+ K& x) Y& v1 u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& o/ {+ o# R% Z# L  P4 Mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 _0 p# n2 h, X% j: g2 m1 Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, R6 o5 u: J4 h: N6 }+ }9 ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 h5 Y& p2 O: F7 A$ Z! ?virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 N# I; Y# o" O& Y/ M8 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 U/ l! l: ~9 t, ?) B) m2 n9 Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 ~8 H( h; E% G, m8 ]' {; ]4 b
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% w0 _. C$ u, z- Z  g" ~0 iearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 S" k7 Q; D7 R8 l/ O  B
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; D2 X' n% D6 G: c7 M# V8 ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  m! ^3 A$ I4 _+ h3 Z4 s# M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; |( a  Y/ G! q9 s- ^acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. m# n' @. W) m! A  R0 Lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ p2 i' D3 z. H( Z) e) Hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 }8 O6 ^: G0 s2 h0 j6 @
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& Y3 e/ }  b: w, g+ Yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ `8 L, W0 y) Z* w' |& @: t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 h3 f. }5 ^3 x/ ?. nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 M) h# T3 x2 M& L- q8 vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: k- F8 h3 y9 C% ]+ X( U" R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. e& P6 P- S1 \0 |0 p2 ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; S0 Z! o4 v. m
penile length in clinical studies.
+ h) j; ~, m; W+ p7 VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! _! Z' t3 A2 g* n6 {+ @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" d4 Y, V: B2 Utestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! H7 B6 F# d' @: L; o( Y. E! G2 b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% E) B' R6 R. a9 L- B8 X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! y; s9 P' P1 I, L; f( {7 [5 Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* `! K& @: {# W8 U8 O$ r7 j' K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! H0 K9 g4 H: ^  H1 d4 a7 \2 O! K# aheight will not be affected.2 K( X8 @* N. X* t4 @/ K9 d& [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 T+ w% r$ `  F& f# Oability of androgen products in our society may
7 I: z7 h8 w- e! q, M# eindeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ k0 x- a, S0 u) f' ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 l2 E9 r) z& \0 s  ]* ?/ ~5 A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 h! i) I, K# @$ Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 h& J1 s! J. `" A6 f
gel should be asked of the family members during
) T5 X7 N7 x( h. dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 B$ P3 T' ~8 A3 xilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- x4 d6 S. b/ i* T$ [2 S( ~; B. `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# v% X6 i# z* C( wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& d. E  g) {1 Y) j2 U: X
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ I. j* L9 ]) z# U5 ]  a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 n6 i6 |+ M2 n7 ]1 L4 b$ d" {+ J5 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 F& u" y- ~, ~8 y: P: E: F2 a
aware of this fact, because most of these children
/ ~! B1 g) X& R, M. imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, Y6 t3 }' H7 r3 Y. _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! U, D8 L9 N" r: l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 q, f! Y# m: [; G- l) V: J+ c% Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
" ?3 j$ M# J) m- ione using any of these products.+ Z" V  |9 y; y; A* V
References
  \0 ~+ l7 [4 \# f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% r: V- \/ ?. t, I6 b5 V+ Z; h
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# T$ F% `( v+ U5 @  r4 |
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! U9 i" c  ]* \4 F6 z. {2002: 565-628.
7 H+ g' a' H# |: x. l+ a; ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, C/ u$ C' Y& B- Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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