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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% G( y! m9 P. m0 X! J' ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ f! l( ?: M9 x$ SExposure to Testosterone7 R: b2 J) p4 ^) d7 N$ D) ?+ W* N
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
^. N; p2 ?* Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
: M1 T# L# {/ X) m; E" u; ZClinical Pediatrics* X1 H6 c5 ?, w5 u- }
Volume 46 Number 6, o, ]( y: i, Y5 f) e' i
July 2007 540-543
" Q' B6 K% w' r4 ~© 2007 Sage Publications1 m) V& |7 C( {3 p; @
10.1177/0009922806296651/ O9 r+ d- `- S$ Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
. E. g& q c2 O/ E- z( H6 Jhosted at4 p4 T5 O" ^) Y( X
http://online.sagepub.com
8 U" g) y$ H4 P# p. pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" ?) g! }+ ^9 y# t' w0 \is a significant concern for physicians. Central" o$ ?- l4 q6 Z% M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% F+ {& i+ G+ [- D, j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' e& U+ p2 {% ^, m( f1 F( M7 J
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ ?6 c3 y" v6 _7 i. |
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 x$ b/ o7 _0 E" S0 y" B
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" Q/ F0 r" _1 H ` ~* F- A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 C' U5 n, R. D$ y" K- G8 C bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- n3 S" t$ L# t3 [+ ?4 treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. {) Q) m* k- Y! ?3 I y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; t! o) E1 }7 B# F! f6 L* \
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ A, ` N; O K# ]& ^: \7 e. q% wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: A @. l. V1 d w- K$ B; gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ X( J" D# Q9 |7 e) X
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ a, t4 \) U' B; m4 y' S schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 p" O$ n; v+ Y6 B8 ^) ~1 `
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* [' s! z, R) e5 }: t
bly more common than the rare case report in the
! S1 C$ z8 E! l4 K* \literature.4
. y5 n4 o6 b, @! g! _# YPatient Report X3 m# t% \9 `4 e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 C8 r9 h# o9 ?0 u* e0 @6 J
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 L Q7 p9 @" } o# A* M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 ~* n- l% M* P) f+ Z- c
light colored pubic hair development when he was
; v' K8 Z, d) hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
?$ y- p, R3 p- M- W, gSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 O3 t& E5 F+ n; @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( t o' d9 W& T/ u& k: Q3 @. AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 y7 _& L) l. g" e; p* b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 l6 n9 I4 f8 V4 g; I
e-mail: [email protected].2 m2 J* d! v B9 ]# l7 k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" Q+ b& X u2 W1 i. `
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ [! z" Q' h. S( ?( oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- I! A; M- Q9 V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* `4 u ^3 ?% ?% S
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% ~1 k, _# |2 N+ x5 v! L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( x" | ^! W/ p; H9 H3 ?) F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; t7 _8 k! Q8 e' D) @6 r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ ]5 i4 J v6 k" ?& T5 v0 k$ ~4 W. ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 [) e- p" P) [' v- n) n2 U
was age appropriate.
' G. C( [8 l+ o/ q" `# _3 O& RThe family history was remarkable for the father,: ^" Z2 `9 {! r4 z, j0 p @
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 d2 Z2 B ?' O& C8 _- Ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 ~6 X" r% q+ I O- Z3 jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 G# S* G6 Y# G6 M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' M2 w8 p c# `% U4 V0 g9 TThe father denied taking any other medication. The
y5 u5 @8 i. @0 {6 c! Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 {. K3 l1 T) D9 c/ v" s% v+ t, w! Xwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 N7 Q! O7 t) }' m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: a0 ?7 p/ Q3 C0 J% z( ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 C/ D5 B3 d; B8 n; g
tives. There were no siblings.
# b+ J6 p7 m6 L. y) F0 }6 ZPhysical Examination
$ d- o) S# e; oThe physical examination revealed a very active,
& {" {( ?/ A, y3 [! V9 ~5 |* y; R/ xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 J' h/ g5 M) i: r1 F8 v* Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
* L- x. P. e, z- G- h' @4 v90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 F7 |8 {+ w* l/ _/ V# e# u* U(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* \* P& u; a Q/ I0 d3 K5 s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# ]+ O5 e. |5 |1 C& {9 h& J$ T
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% |$ s: Y2 I6 W7 P
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 o& n6 b# C6 z, C* ]: O$ H1 W4 Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 B+ p5 M5 c8 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 j j* g6 m# `* E* O* z2 ^+ w# }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" y% u9 I, x5 C4 Y' H0 F540
& v8 K4 `% _ {9 _1 o$ D" w {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 k }+ v9 y. L% Q% R, {7 w/ lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' F- @, o% L# z# p" M5 M( a! V5 I5 m
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% ^+ F+ Q$ [8 \4 T2 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 j' B, I. f! s. a( k- hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! t- y. `' X) H/ a/ ^( E M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; `$ K, a* v$ w' }5 A5 X, j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( p6 X% g+ e1 ^' o8 W Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 ?4 W/ u( @) S! k' P! _
of papilledema.- L: U+ U& U+ `5 ?# ~2 e
Laboratory Evaluation9 j- P* G% O# r7 y2 ?
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* N4 ^) J6 ]+ u( D; Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, }) o' k! j$ ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ e4 Q4 |2 _* G% B" u" m lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 L% Y0 M$ J ^" ]& H& n. [showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 X$ W& s% I) @8 G
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- H9 U. J) s; K+ N" kThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& s- ]/ t7 e% G' H+ J; v; b' |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
, u. u9 B- Z" c- [0 v! owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 A$ V$ J2 g$ i, L/ q) \7 h; ^of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( C$ [% x5 i4 U2 y( z3 @1 `, n& S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: q# ` O, `0 e. A% \4 [& C$ ^ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 K9 ^/ P4 b- Wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 `. B1 n/ I9 u. {: ^7 xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! @* p% ]6 V, U7 w9 e
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& x. J$ [* X8 a: _# x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& U4 l& p8 N3 X W8 M. V/ X
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total g( J4 B6 V. _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. x& ~5 d5 t' d6 t P& n" K1 i
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- b5 z! G' W( p5 h& w$ c* Z& v5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* H5 a% b( W* R* D' O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ y9 o" D; Q: qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" \8 ?, ^4 x, [# a! I6 Q
(prepubertal).
6 L4 s+ s; `5 H6 Y2 A( h jThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 W/ D8 e0 |$ ?) S& I8 U0 j/ e8 T
results and were informed that all of the tests were( t, ^5 Q$ T# F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ s; T3 e" X" t: Wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ]* B0 t/ C8 H' s5 }obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! x, q m5 V* w* J B' w3 h
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 O5 F/ D- {- {" H2 a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
$ X4 N$ J0 Y) G! Xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 l7 w5 P1 ]' r8 ~/ l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' O; d- K- z* v7 lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com- E1 W& G2 V9 {! S% _1 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 K6 p+ A/ H0 \, x( p
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% Q# u0 ~& w7 Z1 \$ l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 p0 J M& V4 r1 n' e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( f7 _/ X) J7 [' ?+ ging frequent erections." Y% \* T% l0 s6 k
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 _& F' m5 b& g' Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ f1 d. g! i' A, h
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 t6 x2 H/ O( V: ~$ J4 o8 zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) Z( r' U+ s$ b/ R. z: L6 K
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. W; C) n/ W! S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 P: N, Y( F- u. e% [, \! Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 C9 s& w% y; S2 l6 Z& Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
1 R- J+ a/ F- Tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; Z+ t2 Q6 \/ ^9 v5 j) ]3 j# }2 L- w
secondary to depression.- `+ x! H, e4 }) ?) _ ]; T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.) v/ L5 \$ U5 ?, g4 r! o* J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. P( g0 ^; A% Z, M0 w
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" R; t6 s5 J, e) {" _/ ?3 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 ~+ z4 }$ h3 ?3 z- W) r1 @1 y; EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
E [4 q: x9 x7 z! ?when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 h+ L5 @( ~- z9 y p9 ]8 `! Pwas high, he then read the product information
$ B$ a1 C0 Z8 W/ Dpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 k9 s1 |; C! O
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" r4 i0 ^& m0 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 G Z+ U" s- ?9 rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had% r! ]% M2 v' Y6 i9 |7 S
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' K) ^$ T9 b! G6 ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 F7 G! ?4 l3 H+ L7 Z6 C2 a5 n9 K
laboratory to obtain the test.- O* e+ j U" b l2 K: D
Discussion$ W$ I8 R) R3 ?3 a5 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! g6 ~3 F8 A& D9 j* t; R/ ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 N4 b4 W( D3 _6 r {
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 G2 s5 p% _% z: \" p# v3 ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' h- A7 }2 f7 F6 ^8 R7 A j; _/ N! T1 [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ V# y7 t- s3 s; e* p! J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% p& h6 _8 p, x0 p( E1 H3 S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is3 ^6 O0 V6 [9 s% |* ^ r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. W2 \* Y: D8 a: R c B! `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, S2 }4 t, J. K
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
k1 G8 ^8 V2 R/ qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
f& K* {; V( j+ E" ?. Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. `+ @- n1 k0 ? [, w L( Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* L( Q' H: `; ^/ p/ ogonadotropins.1,32 q) z' [& Y+ }$ N
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# x; K/ c7 u) l& P* `; z- |) ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 M5 c! o; h9 J% tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( Y* O" m) w7 C: ?: A0 X5 @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( e: n$ k- t8 N- _' g$ [
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! p5 I. ^/ `: B. [4 e; H+ gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! \2 M' b b( p: r" W$ T6 I3 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' M, ~- @' O! T; L8 z6 p# @0 Npuberty in boys.3,4
& B( a& q, r" z- Q- `; K# Y" IThe most common form of congenital adrenal# M. l! I7 ?9 N0 K/ r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 m; [, E' I/ |4 h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; F) ], c& M, ~# F0 y* Y/ P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 A8 P W9 w. z8 R" \( x
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( e7 F; e9 M% P Rexcess.1,38 f, d I* ? s7 r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 F0 _3 L; ]* U( s9 x: ]( y! |
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. x( i% V# \9 a F8 R* B0 HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ p4 z8 k6 {0 ` w2 Nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
* y& D9 ^9 e: q% B) q6 z) C7 c1 O# G$ Las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ [& |: Q9 b! [* M( W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' w2 i7 v+ ~% i1 s3 w# a9 {3 V# {) ^
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 q! H0 G3 i# J! tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
i3 ]1 Q' B1 d! iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; g/ l9 p0 e$ k$ x; F8 j6 xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: A" T! C, Z3 `( E8 {# A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
{7 v* V1 n/ ~$ Y9 X' h# g. Areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 @: I: q) h6 {2 z8 aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 b7 _& i/ ^, nmales; therefore, other male members of the family3 {) [9 P# i' e
may have similar precocious puberty.3- y# _) a. G0 [! B
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 z5 v& C/ I7 y# F2 M4 n; ]8 f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) k u) T$ P# P' ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! I& J9 E$ N5 F7 G- p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- Y8 v7 B0 O7 e9 Y$ A: T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 O& b- h1 d1 R+ M+ u! V: h8 stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the2 j8 S1 N4 b1 k! }
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" j! p$ K* d! N" i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' }6 k; k8 X( `; Y* D- fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; |$ T+ g: Q. S) P3 q+ L3 V* Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, y* `1 M# [, X# y; `
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; Q9 {$ Z7 |! [$ N! D9 X, B* eing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" x, o( B& ~ c- m/ w, x. p8 W3 d5 hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. Q8 c& j% K! g% x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- I& T- u8 ]. X- ]. v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- F# {1 k5 }6 f3 f6 Q9 `pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# n; c% |- K x5 e5 A6 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& c1 x( c2 r' z1 A& L% o2 G
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- ?. z, S5 F" e7 w8 P, Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# w& d1 ^ X- ]9 r5 ?
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; j& {' N% ?* f7 V! H$ @
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. ]) X5 m. l+ y; \2 _4 `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.: ]2 d) ]! _5 Y7 e; v6 y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. `/ B: ^* k& c3 A, ?0 z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: M r0 @' L7 e2 X! i4 Yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& ~4 N# [4 c! V* t+ j- Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 `- b2 X8 O: X; [' o# k' Dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ C: M3 F' l. FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 }: b$ x' m2 p7 J$ {' d% p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) Y4 I5 L6 Z7 u! [+ E, W Ddermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" n. a+ i, P7 ~- B& b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* |, E+ B2 v! c' `/ r$ a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 }: h. @. ?3 Y& }- b sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' A% F8 n: y, Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% N! S4 M2 y$ I6 K9 Kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ N( m+ A5 S M. ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" c# L& h( V3 Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 A3 }4 ?8 y. t! g; o) z& h) {, h- hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during! ^$ B# x+ F6 z4 J6 u5 e
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 ?* f) E3 d" w' j" S; V6 Radult height are not fully known and always remain) R* T$ I) B9 u* \
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 P6 R5 ?3 i& U9 J, B1 X. A
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 p9 f9 b# A" H' I; H8 P3 E
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) [6 k0 O8 U) h" j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 A3 w! F, y/ a" u; h# u+ F ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 ~4 Q; F) y$ m5 rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: P3 R8 p: F+ ]( C7 h# qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& M g5 U1 v, y% d+ M/ a- m$ R# Y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 [7 x' F6 j, F5 l. t3 hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- V3 ~- \& Q" T) F* P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# l# j8 x) |% h: i4 fSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' t) S. v7 B$ Z' U4 _; Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: D# I* I/ }8 P, p) Q
penile length in clinical studies.0 ^5 j& ]% {" s2 V2 A/ \2 k
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, o, `$ ]' w4 P! T' P! ~9 xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 W. T0 ]8 l, s, v9 h8 o7 V {
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 d! b& W3 S' E1 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& z4 {0 y/ R" z+ w, e
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# j3 d/ B9 c4 v6 K0 W9 jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 |, O' Q* Z8 a6 D- W; f0 M0 Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( S' i' |+ M+ \( k* ~9 e& \) {
height will not be affected.
X4 M0 ?; d1 Y: GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 Q2 s d @- r0 v4 M1 a
ability of androgen products in our society may; |; w r6 S9 t4 b/ G
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
! N9 u3 l. m$ z( a1 _: y4 g" t' bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' H& g9 ~/ e( J, b" Rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
# [, G) P' o( d# C# ?/ J: g8 m" gtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 I: x- T, Y/ l% _gel should be asked of the family members during
6 R- s1 M0 m& [ p3 Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ m. Y) z% [3 _, I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 v, t4 _! Z5 vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 |4 s6 C- m1 v: R& f, \appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 J( Y2 i5 G$ }. X. _1 {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 P0 c- ]& N# p" T5 o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% J2 ~# _! _) c" ~$ oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* y$ _* d, R7 c' h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 \# r) E5 T% G( ?may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! _! {, h* y& H) A }0 c9 LDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! R- V: N" W8 T: Q0 Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 n+ o5 x5 R; k4 sfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 a8 J% T9 |% F3 ~8 I8 J. q
one using any of these products.
K, ~7 e$ N9 q) ^* {. ^& O. hReferences7 G# D$ f4 c+ y! A1 I' ~9 @! p
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation t# Y) i, X' F$ {
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 H& n! Q' k$ @' O* |7 Z& j9 h; [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) p6 i& j6 V: B2002: 565-628.
# Z* i* E" ]# V. Q* F$ w2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; [6 y2 n+ H! w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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