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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 ?5 c& {+ P$ T; B& ?/ ABoy Induced by Indirect Topical4 b8 o* f3 N9 y3 j$ {
Exposure to Testosterone' f6 V" X* n9 V$ u; Y; Q+ q+ C
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, L7 h! M$ N/ _
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" Y! ]9 e4 _8 M- F
Clinical Pediatrics  P3 L$ N! C. r; h7 j) b6 H
Volume 46 Number 6/ ^% H' o) T8 t, }) [
July 2007 540-543" _. b" h+ c. R1 [+ {# ]4 R
© 2007 Sage Publications
. o9 I; c8 u1 }8 e2 _! H/ c* [10.1177/0009922806296651
: }5 B: k) @4 _1 \& A8 i3 Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
' I- @& k* a/ x, ?& \$ yhosted at
, Z) x7 @7 g2 S+ b7 qhttp://online.sagepub.com
) x% ?: X, c% \: o2 TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  z3 J" i8 H- g6 y5 I( q; s- u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 R# y0 g- |; v" w' A& i5 t6 t
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ b( y9 J' Q  a/ k# g3 I1 t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 A& @9 H4 Z. X- j, r, X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! k) o3 B! k; p7 {
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: p  t% ?# J+ q1 ~6 w0 Q# E
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' T1 \8 [& p8 V* l3 U! d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 ~! @5 M8 q1 s7 z" Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 z8 U) f5 B/ s) m* d1 X2 b1 G  nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( P. B, Z2 Z3 F& n/ t4 \+ henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 s, l4 P1 K% e" Q" Ement without testicular enlargement, which was due
. H: ?. f" P$ I& t" Qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 m( ?, o5 _* M4 g$ p- }* xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  e& \- X, L7 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ r( Z3 j7 G1 W, k1 A" X$ echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' i9 ~0 d: r# j" e- a' z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 f9 Q0 s# ~9 u
bly more common than the rare case report in the% Z0 L8 k7 t1 h  @, `
literature.4
( k! U8 t7 F2 P) L" M! JPatient Report
5 O4 y% ?) P$ V+ w8 N0 g/ c. _) o, [A 16-month-old white child was referred to the# x% u. \$ g% q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 W: x6 V- R  K/ t* |% X
of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 s# F  Y! C7 z. D* n2 w2 |
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 s7 n, p1 `0 u! g: v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' v" r& a7 T) x, Q. |: ?& U: [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: d0 o3 [/ d# F* r8 q/ v/ OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ m8 L1 y2 ^9 d
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ k* i5 ^$ L5 d$ XMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 L% [1 e2 h; f" E8 De-mail: [email protected].
: U/ L) z2 @' ^) p: Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 O# }8 z2 `" m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& N7 e: o: f3 }4 }$ r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- C0 R7 L8 @" y, z% Xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( s( d1 K# G% i6 c0 b! c6 {/ ?& xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! q: t, b  u' m/ I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% x, s. t/ N, G8 z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 f6 R8 ~$ G  ~8 b2 m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ J5 g: `$ f/ b. g2 Sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 j7 g; N- f( ?/ Ywas age appropriate.# s) r* O1 |3 f# j
The family history was remarkable for the father,
% k, Z2 L/ z8 X) f0 B- Rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% w( O: w) w( owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  Z1 @  k( t8 _6 Q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& k( r' C/ b% j4 i6 L2 fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: _$ [3 A/ o) O$ i# o
The father denied taking any other medication. The& T% w# }5 h# }3 H& s! ]7 h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 K+ f' R6 j. V; y# qwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! `, g$ _4 x+ k  m3 P1 Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 C6 u5 g6 s' ?. e/ u4 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-) {$ H% z6 \. `2 j4 c
tives. There were no siblings.
4 j& H9 y  b6 k$ @Physical Examination
' o. E/ G$ i; o$ s" i4 \The physical examination revealed a very active,: L; V* S. k* f3 _2 }9 C3 p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' G+ g8 o9 `% k2 Wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 O5 k& }5 N: A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 e% f1 J) X. c' J8 I7 [6 X& J0 i! G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 C5 ?! ~9 ^1 o/ I( z+ s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  c4 M3 t2 z& b7 w5 Z: K% \# Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 Q. i3 N$ r2 D& S1 X6 e! x% \The genitourinary examination was remarkable for  D: o9 [, D3 d7 Y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 o7 U, n0 ^$ s: \6 F$ @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; c! a: G2 k; `4 }/ U
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ j9 U; K& [& O" {* ]540/ K% T& `, L0 I- g- U/ ?: L9 b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* q4 l  K! ?3 A) gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 R1 ^1 a0 W4 x' e- dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' o/ ?. y, e/ i  q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% I" @% v3 F; y/ t' S
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! T& F6 v8 r) w% B( {9 U' Habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 Z5 g- b& f% K* X3 ^) h1 ~  ?* _" p1 SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! Q: V7 D! |/ F" C. v. o2 e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# J( A% }1 F* o  E. u
of papilledema.
6 c& v0 w2 Q! Y$ ^. YLaboratory Evaluation
0 p0 l; g1 a1 F0 ~" K! yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 ]9 P* R1 E4 _* E5 ?: ?. Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 u4 ^% b- h$ j2 r' {2 mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 E( i' Z' T4 D+ v/ `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, Q6 n$ f, }) n. o6 y9 a% S' K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) y! r2 m1 K5 k' h# `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
7 |) ~. n' e3 q( V- h0 F* N" oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) F6 |7 v, \% x) x8 L- x3 J8 A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! M  x6 v8 _7 Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) t: D* X! M' n  A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ a/ }  a0 q( a! H) s; u  {(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: ~/ P% l+ Q" \" E7 b! yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 n; o. R! e, |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
  h" I: H, P" x/ }& bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# H: u: F5 H  H. w$ d7 x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 ~5 x" I- P+ t( B2 P( a1 _- nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 L, Q$ o0 z! `tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 N+ I; V+ z2 ^/ Z
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 E  J/ r  \- C& N, `. j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 A0 O5 T! z" [
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ d+ C2 a% N$ O- T: A: b9 Dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% p! Z, H# h/ F4 L+ a8 X5 X2 ]
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL( w# V; w) E; d' {8 n" \* B: Z% @
(prepubertal).
& W7 F& e1 L6 O; n' l) {9 x% p% OThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ }0 y6 S; a6 e% G
results and were informed that all of the tests were6 s1 ~& D% Y6 M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( v# T6 k# f: {2 j' r
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* Z& D' q. g; sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 U$ I8 S" O6 o" n0 p4 G
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 e( a# X& v, }/ r( G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 ^: L# n& m! k$ g/ s/ C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, i' M  H' M5 \0 K5 K
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 g+ y: O0 X/ U+ i% k8 s. _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 `: [- r% z) G; opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. D, O  X, q* \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 g/ k4 y8 ?: p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  a0 {: A$ A. b! L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 j0 Q4 r! a' f, b' y6 N
ing frequent erections.; Y& ~7 c# Y6 Y! @1 j) P; H9 q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
! ?" Y9 L( \0 e5 j5 hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to( b2 v7 E9 p8 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 f. [+ u* X! X/ {1 ZTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; u  G' P3 ~8 h; Luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- x* i+ p: m3 e' v" {) }$ Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 i3 x3 R9 {1 Z- Za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# K7 Q  \6 Z1 L1 A( F; A
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: u) g+ c! E8 ~/ ?' r4 a7 ^" E8 P5 b) Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 x# u# X! P2 D. H* `8 K
secondary to depression.1 {; ~. s! Z* u: L5 n0 x" A2 F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# ^/ s5 C* d- hThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* x5 p8 v8 U( o7 z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ H. K/ K  t! y3 A% c+ \& k) m$ @6 Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 O' M# p* E: y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 D7 h: L4 a$ W! N9 g/ L( X) _0 \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 ~* g5 _4 d: [- o$ E8 d
was high, he then read the product information
4 p  E9 ]/ f! Z: T; V( u* q1 Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 j. V% `7 S; m; J' f9 o" T0 Mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) ^/ N1 A. G6 d/ {3 G
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 M- Q# m& J3 Y7 ]9 v/ I/ a7 y9 \- |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Z! F9 _8 F3 i( o5 ^  ?% rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* I( _1 f5 v# _( H- ?& Dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" m8 R$ T: B8 c. Slaboratory to obtain the test.
3 v% o7 \. L! e% X( iDiscussion# d$ w' X& ]& Y# r" l8 W& G1 m' O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ V( J) w2 I4 B) bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& }0 r' i5 O7 TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) l/ y; \# w4 B8 G: P% Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 [9 }( j5 ?$ S" B) q$ j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, e9 f# P3 B) }1 cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) B+ M! ?* \; Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. E% m% P% D6 \" ]( ^5 T1 o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% b4 t# R2 g  Z0 j& {. _5 Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 L! ]6 Z7 T% `6 p! [sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 T! _9 t. @4 K' l7 k' ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 {: j+ S1 J* E/ @8 P" A: V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  N( K0 _2 M/ V/ a7 O, frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% D9 ^7 C4 ]& \# {1 j/ wgonadotropins.1,3
9 j* _/ {$ d. rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 H' G- p/ a3 q  R+ w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 u8 U- r2 ]6 M6 `  k# k' Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or& j2 |/ L$ d( Z; `  r. g2 z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 c6 w$ C4 v4 a- zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: E) }+ R! g9 G4 N8 m) |+ {, O% |' Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 t9 C, p! z" z. U" D  u& [) `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% N- d8 w7 N) C' E1 Z7 f, h
puberty in boys.3,48 R: ]; a8 d% |/ A& N& |* F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 {1 O# q0 l( `/ e: Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ s. @# u3 V) W% U# w6 X4 ?: O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 P- l+ l: k- q! _) Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( f( r6 z$ f1 p3 i; V* q9 Uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 r. V# L! i2 K+ \9 `) {! U
excess.1,36 a( P) p: I0 E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! L  b- N, _8 L: W+ J7 Y7 x7 `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) X4 L" z! K) l* A% gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-  t& ^8 Y/ o0 u0 P3 [
independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 w$ {# H$ ]' [# L( M0 Z/ H& ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' \( z4 h- ]+ n% ~4 {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 h$ m, R( \* X& q6 E" |* F& t" Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,' k( U' P3 E  j% O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  q: B7 r  C0 x
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& v, z" ^  P+ A/ [/ V$ y$ j- v
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( c) T) j" I5 G: o1 J' u
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% `5 B' k- B9 D3 @. Z" e+ nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ C& `1 f/ M6 l
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( y0 D3 v8 y, I' ~. s
males; therefore, other male members of the family* ]) O" J- G) c& R
may have similar precocious puberty.3. K+ e/ {+ s" d. i& P, |8 x1 x+ W0 z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 A7 y% O7 Y3 n* {4 Esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* M& l0 U0 ]. v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* z$ G  R+ v. m! Iwas in the differential diagnosis because his father% I2 O5 E6 g3 n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 n8 F2 f/ O& @- Z4 |. N0 n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! j9 x' F" U, T( v, i$ w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 f6 K. q# e: [8 X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ \* `+ `% |2 Q, |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 [/ L( X6 g+ Q5 o$ o7 beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ _/ j0 s% s5 ^( ^) C8 T6 u
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: r7 [5 Z: {3 k" Z+ qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ i# L( A' Z) r; j! {% LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- l% _- w% t, J) r. z. e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) ~5 q/ G, w- N4 f1 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! w* R2 v2 n) s* d5 U* c  K  Z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 n# J' k* l7 [/ W# k( q; e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; B5 H1 P, p7 K# V  H0 @+ b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; e2 e3 ~" b! @, N2 _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 a) ~1 ^8 E$ O# f1 h. e, eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& S1 l2 L& b% K( n+ p6 v4 j, t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: d) R  P! r* a& @7 tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.' j4 T% @, o, ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 D" Y, v/ v! t$ D$ Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to- d; D( x/ Z& A- z0 r5 B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 T' `; l. g3 ]# p3 H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 z( N4 n) D( Q  Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 K' d# W, z9 |* G% @0 \9 D$ h0 @6 `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 C+ Y  M* H8 A& _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; ~$ i8 x/ t5 R+ W. Ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* S, ~- w& F0 E& s% S6 J4 lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( [( |* }" T; w( k! Q) u) _
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 |' m5 H& n4 r6 n$ Oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% r+ D. \( a6 F: r% s6 O+ g* kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  l+ d! Y# H9 p; T( `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% ]9 M3 X7 ^) c8 }$ T4 |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and  z7 h4 W2 ^3 |: y. g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 m- x, p4 g: |6 l8 Q4 l, o/ J( G; o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during: i9 R/ I7 o9 m2 _( L
early childhood on pubertal development and final" s+ t0 J0 u! P. q2 Z/ x3 T7 Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain" u& T/ ~6 W& N' W$ V: L7 f2 U! U
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ `, f5 q  v% _& l2 A& s# yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; \/ V: r1 {: ~- w/ S) \' Pacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; b9 B! r# h5 l# p2 J; n; }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: v* L: }$ A; p  E. F. pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; C: [" j" y9 {! [: S) c1 r8 c& z
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ X$ t$ C; J0 f, q5 h6 j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 J0 ?. c  V2 U+ M. m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- B+ z' x7 S  u8 J& k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 L$ R0 Y* D9 W3 {. j
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( h7 ^) O. V! ]3 l. h2 `0 w; k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
  Z/ N9 L; ~" s, x. p8 ?9 _& echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 R* Q2 C; ~: `3 k$ Rpenile length in clinical studies.7 ]6 @$ Z; U5 U7 w4 n) C" L6 ~+ a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# j. F3 Q7 N% M' |going to experience any of the untoward effects from% U; v+ V) ^9 C- ~6 F
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because+ f- z/ v0 I" x: `( q3 v% s  u7 U+ I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! a; l$ r8 w  I: b0 V) R! L& ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of# X/ x5 O5 ~" x6 n2 x
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* t& l+ U0 M$ t3 Y, Y9 g
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' F" F2 `( j9 s$ q7 t, f. Aheight will not be affected.
* K# f% }( X  C! C+ ^Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ I& _8 i7 n. v( hability of androgen products in our society may3 d3 ^9 y( c+ c7 Q0 x& I) Y! t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
' y  |' B8 V2 i; K7 |! d5 v/ ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: b0 \. B' ]* G! M2 X2 |2 h/ X, e# L1 @
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, j. \! F0 ?0 d8 O: ~' ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 U' V' q& l& w7 g5 S
gel should be asked of the family members during' X# N8 }/ d' C0 P0 D, J
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ @( ^* t$ L8 O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* x" O% z& N( ^- E: A  m0 C' q% d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# U- H4 G1 ^4 o+ M, n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ p1 U: i) X7 `history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 q$ h$ E! j8 z, C4 F5 g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) T, p) O) z+ \" P$ Q  j1 e! P/ Cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 f$ u5 ^6 ^0 E. Z
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 K  N& a# g6 b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ o4 B' ?& I* T/ P2 u! PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a; T. S5 U- K& E; Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ r' ?# G% A( E0 O  L( B: y* lfemale child who might come in contact with some-6 e/ h6 T4 `/ w
one using any of these products.: W! E7 Y& @% y  _
References& F! r6 ], p; G4 H/ W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 l5 P1 B/ V. x$ b1 {/ i; I2 U) |and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* W/ r' f6 X' e7 k4 J* F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( L7 m9 ?; N/ t& `2 T
2002: 565-628.& z& _1 S1 |$ K2 h$ ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, E, C+ R3 U) ]( `. Y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) V& q6 {  b4 S
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# |/ \3 R1 g  ~3 R0 p3 {8 v: G/ s
Exposure to Testosterone3 F* ^, `+ t% r6 y; P; H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 P$ r1 H, C$ p: f- r, a
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ W2 _4 X4 H: z+ m
Clinical Pediatrics
2 O0 k  g  z, V; tVolume 46 Number 6& g2 F+ G8 f6 T# Z% g( ~! O
July 2007 540-543
3 c' N% z+ s! A' E. E& y% W  E, I© 2007 Sage Publications
) d/ e+ N  P- I8 y! l3 q10.1177/0009922806296651- K  M0 H; U) Q8 c' j2 z% q
http://clp.sagepub.com
" a0 i% A5 Z8 vhosted at
1 m, c& t9 q  t/ |- X6 Mhttp://online.sagepub.com
1 H2 r, R& e3 Q* S- aPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, T4 T  A- k" k! v, T. i: H) a+ Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 q/ R3 e$ C' A& f( wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated* S' ]; D5 H" Y( s
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( [4 f6 w" P1 Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: t% e% S8 |- y1 G( Ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 T* G+ U, \' ]) M% G( O' Nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  A; Y; ]# i* B+ F. d& mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  O2 t& c, A" ?- B& T6 D
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 V1 a( |+ X( L
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; O$ M8 y# ~0 a8 j! l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* R+ o. t, ?/ Z, _& b/ \
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( T! X8 O# |+ c( `8 e: s' |! eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% N+ ~" F" F& A0 L' P% jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-- ^) K$ L, p6 ~" N0 X+ i0 M5 a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& i8 o8 G8 j1 |. P* F: ^7 D! A3 Q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ |: G% p! D, V* E; g/ n; U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' U7 \+ D8 a$ A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ q2 a5 Y6 D/ |% H' C/ L) dliterature.43 `0 f) V- h3 [) W/ W2 ^
Patient Report
7 n+ y2 r+ ]. I5 l: S/ r, M" y: b6 XA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  j; G2 ?- y- E! d4 G1 ?; F# rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- ?8 R) v) w9 t5 \6 Wof early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 ?, R- Q+ E% W1 Y+ e% j4 ]# Clight colored pubic hair development when he was7 r& T& l/ [4 d3 w# C  H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 K/ o0 r* f( s0 G4 Y* o4 K& ^# T3 dSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) F9 S/ s1 p# _% W
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 o8 z) K: s  w7 D' e, ~% P
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# C( s: v; J; z2 P. }/ W$ TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 @) N7 E6 f) j) \e-mail: [email protected]./ R: h+ o+ [' L5 P- H; ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( P0 |& E4 d4 vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
' J9 Z; h; N, v8 Nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 k( R* X$ S& A. N
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 ^6 p. D. N. @$ |) }
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# P. N% D% K: ?0 C% m20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" R0 ?0 p2 N1 B$ }* `of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: ^4 L( a6 X/ ^
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) B  L2 }# N5 ]- y9 L# |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ m. v/ B+ t+ e! G6 d0 Ywas age appropriate.
4 c- a1 z3 R2 K! R+ jThe family history was remarkable for the father,
# ]" q# a2 U4 e( x5 I! h- uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 g5 g+ q7 v/ e  z/ o7 n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 y" a; k: a5 y! j
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 {0 F5 I& }8 P0 W% }5 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% o5 u8 Z" m8 ~: M  y
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 \5 g. D# W* r# i; v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. t9 Q' `4 O; x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ u2 R7 w1 L* f$ s5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 T% O% a  N+ O+ K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 l" x; A# y! e" J$ |9 \tives. There were no siblings.
, o% Q( a9 J/ J! ~% N( C3 `. P; yPhysical Examination! [8 j/ D0 S9 R* [
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ D: k- u( a. ?4 ~0 P3 Y! Mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' I$ F# B" F, a$ m  M1 x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! J( j7 ]1 e  ~' a5 n) {& G90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 G  ]2 i& d" }
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 P) E, B* P* M9 I" Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 R: B+ L& S8 H& m! X+ V% _8 l, k
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% k  ], ^0 P% W9 |3 }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 \* k' m* T# v! I/ Denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( i. u5 f; J6 I. N; z7 Y# ^, u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, j' _% [: I+ I6 r/ q1 n- ^& @
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 Z# J6 L* ~+ H4 ?+ r/ s/ H; Z2 c5403 T. W8 G& J2 `4 i# j4 W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ N' D& ?7 r, j3 o/ _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 W9 ?/ |3 q, |3 C5 K& M+ J# b/ _  Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ z0 H* M, B* gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. S: F  x" N- j. F" _( goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. V% b8 P$ n  C4 N. X) i8 E9 z0 B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. M# g! }3 r$ d1 q% c
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; a+ M+ p# e& ]7 P& X' c$ o$ Tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 i. f8 I) p8 ?' N; Y8 z
of papilledema.
* C3 X5 {: `$ y1 t  M- xLaboratory Evaluation; o* F7 S- K' {0 G) Z: s/ c2 j
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! @+ f( S* X4 v3 |: z# Rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ k- \9 `+ a8 H6 c' Y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; T% A: M$ p0 t, m
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 u* t/ B: P9 i7 p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! W- K# q% ]: t' y# M) \
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 D% p7 ~: U: c; tThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 [& {" ]% h  i' R6 h1 F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 c% b# K  C1 S7 E- `3 w
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 o* ^. A6 P# T* Aof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 q' f+ I6 i, o$ T. t
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  d# o" N6 @; y5 Z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( I$ J# N& P% y* Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 Z5 j4 \/ \5 P7 X% I9 s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 K6 h/ D4 L+ ~/ ^5 |7 S* r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 V6 I% p% m4 ^7 e5 A% wwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! J' e) q1 N8 @" j
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 x, U& T7 z# V& d0 U1 D( {( k
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 e0 ]7 Y+ S3 P2 t  `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& n2 U2 P7 ]5 X' X* f" h4 m! v1 T. M
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% |' M4 \7 Y2 D* Xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) n# M  H' w/ Y' Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ v7 F9 A6 W% W0 d
(prepubertal).
% r( @( B; K$ J& C: o/ vThe parents were notified about the laboratory7 X( K  c& B/ h! |' p
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' x0 d/ {7 ?/ }* h) p& tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The4 n% P; I% l. h1 o  M/ o- P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 x0 G* q3 T( k: V. f# Z( l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 q* o5 `% ?3 [' ^3 M3 E$ }9 Oever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" i4 X* Z/ _  C$ u3 _Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 y( O( C3 e% T$ O  I3 _0 c" D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( v1 |4 d2 h% \: w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained" e4 P+ _, p% G) o  w7 t8 T- H! I
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, z- D4 _$ j# B2 |3 kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ Y2 O8 M. `2 p* p: Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 q) J1 ^1 R) k* p! ^
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* ?  o; J- Y9 C/ ^6 ?6 E! Z' N, g( JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# ^9 X  x2 |" r) u% ^6 _) w
ing frequent erections.5 h: `; S$ B; E
Both parents were again questioned about use of4 Q& X" t0 O0 h6 z+ X7 a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 L0 X. I- D0 x7 R& |" E$ cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ n1 J5 Y5 D- c' v( q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" y0 Q" C* n/ a8 luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 U* Y! q8 D4 o* r: h8 v$ m* h% d& oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 O7 ~7 L7 e$ p; W4 Q& H! ua year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' a, t% U! W% N; K7 c4 v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 c8 J% Q0 B2 ?$ _$ k, Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& E% n  I- V$ `- H6 Ssecondary to depression.
! m# D1 N+ _6 |; eThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 F7 Q5 r% ^3 D1 oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 M1 S0 v* O% z& ]9 jchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 {" g! s# k" y9 v# r1 S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." A5 L: A4 Y9 }2 q, `0 Z( c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 G% H5 I3 d( M, d% D8 ~* @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 d2 |# R1 F/ q+ ~4 uwas high, he then read the product information2 q; w$ f; K5 a8 d, S- P0 T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( h" V6 r, _  j. u' tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( g3 R/ ]9 S2 L4 M9 z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ j3 H* x2 O, V$ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had# j; Z5 |2 i  ]
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 R* n. t, o: n3 m9 d$ |5 X9 K. [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  v' `9 `% ], R& x8 t) Glaboratory to obtain the test.: J- y/ O; e  N8 U8 Q7 s+ a8 J, t
Discussion% M: A: b$ s; m. ?( q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ w2 ?9 n& o0 c2 i& Ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: N  C6 e: j9 I( b' w' hPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. u4 l8 ^5 K  B6 G$ `# Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 P& G) F& |# Q; B$ f1 ^% E
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& E# X# E7 h" R/ e" M/ \
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 x3 H5 j: N: g1 Kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- c8 j. F0 T8 r2 d; R* O  V; s
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 h9 Y% |4 N2 O1 U& p2 |amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 m* L9 ~3 ?) U7 ^0 D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: G: O2 i( T4 T/ Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) w5 m' J! B; N2 `! R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ g! v7 C3 H' g# `+ ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 {! m/ E# I0 A  igonadotropins.1,3- R/ U/ p! Z% G% H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, K9 ]- R3 J( L/ y* r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 R: T. i7 ]- M8 randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 |6 D8 y0 A/ w2 \0 Q- Texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) e+ I, B3 {& h% Y1 W3 r6 f& Gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 {* X6 b! w9 C5 ]% {( ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& t2 O* G) V; a/ P* tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& J& [, I% d8 ]( k
puberty in boys.3,48 |9 V" ^  @) _# b9 h3 f' i+ [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
6 B8 T; c) S" P$ _% f! Hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; A( J: A$ X! H5 O0 dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 P+ a* f4 b4 N# ~excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* e2 g3 N- }$ u& O7 G# K9 X5 {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ h  f& }  N+ S. t. L( d1 j& i
excess.1,3% j3 Q+ h% d- b% q) a# `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 e$ i$ G$ r# @5 Q6 q, s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 q1 r( t+ `) S. c$ n% |* cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-  V2 {$ v% ^* H5 f1 {* j$ `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
' n! @: x" x4 a# m! was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, i) q: y/ \: Y" J  ?& svery young age. The physical findings in these boys" L5 v! V+ e) Y# j: m1 E) ]0 ]: i
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. t: t3 U1 z2 ^! d& \
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* y! \6 A* ~! f" T" S
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) m. d- D: ?& R, M
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- k! c5 ^: y1 L4 v4 l% F
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 Z( @& q+ T1 M9 Creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 M) W* y: N" ^0 vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 S! _& e" P2 t, C+ f, ?/ @males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 A! R" N- d2 F) [& j+ E5 V+ emay have similar precocious puberty.3- [/ @; C4 G3 Y2 a! {: ]* i2 Y; n
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' r8 N' Z9 L# J+ ~+ j- |4 w. j( o
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 ]! ]; L4 Q  `: U, Y3 k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ o' s% h. i6 N- n5 W8 [9 ]: \; J0 d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
. {( d' b& k, |/ h( V* `started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, M, a5 k8 l4 d- s8 y6 ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the" F6 c4 s& c' p( u  @& {/ w/ I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 v% j8 A' }/ z) f6 u5 C& wative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ H; e/ |. y0 S5 `0 k! g( b3 r5 a/ @. c
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 t5 |, X1 ?% h0 G7 q! C8 b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 k1 d. Z1 d: g" g( v6 [8 Mdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: [7 }1 C6 T, Q) E+ }2 n
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. T$ ~- ^" x- S9 J- n
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 @6 G# v/ Y  t
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. k% D. M9 Y; G! h0 z, h5 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 a) d) T  A7 upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& h0 I9 e' J. d+ ]* _' xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 I/ r# P) B  G9 ~0 ]9 Bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- t1 c  m3 P- n: H2 husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) s) U: B' i5 i+ W* H3 u3 {
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ A; K" a8 W4 c0 _0 P
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 Y3 x) H5 h& ?# m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- ]  q, X. x6 l9 J' f0 M0 K0 }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 S+ u7 }& @# q$ {baseline value in those females who were exposed to- k" K, F5 ^. Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 Y' ?$ N5 N' y) [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) a, f; B: Q' f) S# ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 Q1 c! |( o  L: V* K( a# p
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" p4 G5 j+ F/ e/ n3 v- S* |which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 w6 B2 c( [0 F5 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 k' {4 q  g" z7 W7 `& ~' t6 U  Oterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 Z- H: \1 O3 p2 |active in young children exposed to testosterone
! K! D  o8 P4 Q& W$ X  t4 Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( j% W- N/ A+ j$ n1 Y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ [1 [) j1 ~3 K/ l$ Zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 s: Y+ X4 O9 |+ Y2 I6 N! |) ?children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 X- r* R0 k2 [* P' @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; J5 [! m5 E$ I- K; L# \8 `The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& e7 C/ D; t% O5 n, a( W+ \/ p/ m
early childhood on pubertal development and final: J' E% b6 V8 t+ K5 n" d6 l
adult height are not fully known and always remain" S* X- A1 t. D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' r" H+ f0 b% Jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: s! z& A0 }& X
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ ~' l" w9 S3 f) ?$ _% c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
  F8 R: ~9 I+ I( `8 H( C/ X/ Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! ?0 ^) m" E: y0 v+ o2 F7 t* C% {There are conflicting reports and controversy+ Y, g7 N. ?: A; V  n4 o2 ^# a
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 r2 H. }! k1 }) H) H
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' O/ v, R! U3 [0 uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 q7 P0 s0 {3 o1 h; l
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,# v9 M) I+ i; ~+ K
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* q) A: O1 A; F4 [8 Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 {/ n. U7 p" h  xpenile length in clinical studies.; e- u0 b3 Y0 M8 M8 L
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 j, G. f' N# b2 c4 t. Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 E; @3 v: ?' }# ~/ xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 P! ?- ~' L( n! P( Y' n2 S& y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% `/ l1 g, A, h: L; W' a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of" }( |( P) }' A! A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 T, A) A! E# l" @2 s5 h) Y! c9 hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 y- D) h/ l; |0 j4 r& E# dheight will not be affected.
$ N4 \5 |6 e* |) ]# d% q# q4 SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 w& i+ _* ~1 W
ability of androgen products in our society may
# U. e6 Q1 Y8 ]& r% A, \5 F9 Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female% B) g% Q, A3 ^$ ~+ a2 |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ e; Q  L. u" y; n+ Igen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 V* g& P& V) Y' [. Ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 v6 x2 w1 f: ]% v# c' B) Z% I
gel should be asked of the family members during: l, g; \' {# V' v( k% x: x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! X, G- P2 e' M% g* }" iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ r- O1 G; S# m& a! {
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  b& v8 _1 ]  a& d/ vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- G2 O4 U- @' r; k6 o; A. o
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 K/ X2 l. _+ O. N9 h8 Presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. r6 r# M+ v1 @- Z$ Cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be0 j( B, P0 @8 C+ x4 b4 c' @
aware of this fact, because most of these children* i+ V# S9 C' H! P4 b; C  {8 C# r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- I8 ?: Z8 u' r& M8 V+ bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a6 |- C- \" A# e+ G7 \; j& ]- h' P
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# Y' v! g' N2 J$ z( W
female child who might come in contact with some-$ v. @/ X1 B8 Q7 c8 X
one using any of these products.1 G+ l& }+ r5 a0 I& v4 E% h& t
References9 w) f/ w' ^# m9 h) k
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, z1 J( E  r0 q& ]4 {- w& ?
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 T/ I+ M  k. x, _' c$ S8 p7 X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, l% @  b0 S) B; k  @2002: 565-628.2 D" N  F3 @. Z( s9 D( j% T
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 a9 `7 v; Z$ }; |puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

7 O, b/ K5 A  t. u精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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