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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 ?0 y' T2 V: P/ v' }1 C
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 U3 x* e" i0 v  s9 b/ j0 O' v# [
Exposure to Testosterone
; ~: X. ?1 s* _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 i: \, c/ i, x2 a8 `% Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) I8 \: _. o) ]8 LClinical Pediatrics  }, O+ U# ]/ r2 i  c* y
Volume 46 Number 66 e4 r" s' w/ J. k- E. e1 ?
July 2007 540-543* [; _( j; @$ V' o9 p
© 2007 Sage Publications
# W' Q9 U" y! G' B0 S10.1177/0009922806296651
- k5 Q2 j% D; ^$ zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
9 i. W0 V% n' ?% x+ s: dhosted at/ R% X) v$ M$ j" r
http://online.sagepub.com
: ^" {, e6 ^/ l* Z! f( nPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, S5 {7 i' E+ `+ |
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* v: U8 D' j6 b2 u+ c6 N& ~+ ^0 M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 [+ w% ]* \& Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, q" d$ U( M3 Y/ R- ~$ E/ f) g7 p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ y8 H9 e" D. o% R& ?
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ L* R* `, a" C, x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 M. a. y# H. H: M3 m! N  V, @
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 G# h& l5 g. Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  Q, I% g: F, e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, |4 r5 I1 q2 k2 ]$ t0 L  [+ @* Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 ~8 e. t) R. R$ w) O( B! H7 u' k
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- f' b8 z7 Z* d9 ?1 I8 Y. K- P& {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' M/ i0 k( j- M% Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 J* ?+ K' E8 G  A% O
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% L1 T+ o4 r% P( n3 h. w6 C. F+ \  G9 Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of& f9 T# [- D; b7 L) C& Q6 z. i4 E
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 Q* G' i; v1 `1 z9 M( s
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 O2 ]1 W4 r+ X; ^0 Bliterature.4
; ]* c1 }# i& i! q' n/ B: LPatient Report4 c$ \. y4 g1 T) x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the* I8 Q3 }8 h4 |
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 T* G/ t( l; b# `  }0 [0 c: U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
* ^% z* |& Q! q. q% T  Dlight colored pubic hair development when he was
, K1 f5 T) X3 y$ A% dFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" ]/ ?- B5 B6 G& z5 W- D* @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 X$ v- `! s) s8 C* k& u3 i
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* @0 d4 J/ a. g! L3 w! n2 x* _  ?
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of. @; q9 Q+ V  [( k' {5 z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 N) L  M% o/ g9 Ue-mail: [email protected].
6 K: n( c8 v8 n# C  v7 cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 V7 j$ H' s7 R; K' I' A; E) ~# g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
! c; r. E4 ~) Q6 Q7 k1 F+ yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  |% `5 p6 I- h  n) `# ?& S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- o" @" f3 I, w' W4 R6 w5 ua birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# w0 o. \$ ^) j" k4 a20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 ?1 E) D# S; Z6 _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# _7 a- j3 t; j7 C% @1 Q# D2 ^5 j
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, d; v7 f- A  W" h8 }
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# \5 D3 D3 f$ n% Z1 L
was age appropriate.# n# n* z9 y6 f0 C0 G
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 g6 t9 @$ W, \/ Y; D' }$ t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. x6 F; K. `0 Z9 ]2 Jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ X1 w5 v' Y- T& ?0 [' {" n) aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! o- g# h7 Q4 F# `1 I! d" e1 Kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. S3 K2 O+ `; J* J4 i2 l7 C
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 u: B2 E: [& X) k& o) W4 p; gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- h( k& u7 S$ S. W# S# Uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 {, X/ k. U) `5 i5 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% K+ X2 z9 D# {# U: m8 f* D) b+ K- z; f
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 i/ p$ H, |# V) Itives. There were no siblings.
, l5 F( S+ `$ U, j9 y9 q+ BPhysical Examination
# `6 |- [( u: r$ N# \  mThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 d/ @. w  J$ {3 ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 K5 {6 Z  X. \! t3 ~/ r( na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: ?( A8 [6 Z. p$ H& k2 {2 ~4 E/ a: C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. d& ?- g5 q. h& E( }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. a6 j8 M2 E( ]
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: w" ?7 S( M0 @
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 W2 I' K, M! `7 `# J4 b& F; n) [
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- s% @6 o# Q; s+ ^3 y& I6 g
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 ^9 j# N. N$ ^7 d7 `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ Z# C' Q+ o& U8 J, v9 A# R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% }  \0 u- O4 c( x# \" A; B$ W540/ f5 S5 Z' u  }5 y/ J# ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) q; ?: o- D$ ]the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' V: K, r. U+ v
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 U# F1 w% j& v) q4 U. t; m
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; C$ f" `1 v' k( Y7 N' y2 ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no/ _7 d* D) m# n" W; s' b% H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ o; ?/ K: R% H! `) l
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 @# u) `/ Y6 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) l& t+ \0 v' _+ h) {! Z/ J6 z
of papilledema.
% d% h/ J; ?) N1 Q. d7 oLaboratory Evaluation: p4 h& N3 D% L+ C) J7 ^, B0 ~
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! {( K5 f! l. q8 A/ j& lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, e4 K% @2 i. \5 m/ x. s5 z3 x
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, G9 q& `6 Q6 J) Akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( Y5 @/ c9 @3 Z" d$ j, O0 K- H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, ^% M2 t# s6 ~
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* q' C$ w, Q6 ^0 k
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 c7 E) O' l3 [) p: R
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: k0 ?  h# \3 B2 \) }6 Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) I- z3 x0 ?# P( P- _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* d% d* E! x. T) D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 ~$ j& R. s1 }5 v9 q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- r, ^  F" F8 a0 _/ c! eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- V3 P1 T2 K) \' P4 wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 T9 S4 p2 i: B+ d4 J$ t9 T. q" m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 K/ o2 [' y1 nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) X4 Q# b: c# ~1 K  Z/ c2 K
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  q5 l" q9 O  N' O
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 [3 D7 m5 v1 I3 n  `+ d& Q4 Fand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 r9 V  i, N' _6 i: |2 q, V, Y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! C4 k  E: L( H% Z- }( p
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* q8 c- d" `! l# C4 m7 g( Q! L1 xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! j8 ]7 i8 W! w(prepubertal).4 L  e& |# n' `$ F8 x
The parents were notified about the laboratory4 |" N1 S( V5 {( U9 U9 \! ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
) s: p9 ^( ^( N4 M: ?3 C% Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: H1 V, s/ G: N0 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& l) H: l/ T4 k; fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, E6 m% s4 ^" C( b) e. z7 Z# Cever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 |4 S# t4 K/ D/ d6 S& U6 ~
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 V/ x/ F, o- {2 I. ^$ X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  s' e( a! \7 f6 @0 }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 m+ L, O0 ^  Z" p! R* m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 m+ K* Z# r. |" l# L9 w$ ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; T: E7 X" R% r+ g2 `0 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( z. r6 q0 ?. w# R7 H1 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% p# L% G1 E( K  W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  `" R8 @0 |0 T9 ?
ing frequent erections.
7 @1 |* R/ v& f* j) M- ~5 a& @# IBoth parents were again questioned about use of
  {' s9 f8 a4 y$ {. iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 l; |( h4 O4 M1 a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' }+ x: M; K( ~9 @" LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 t/ r  s$ B" }; o6 vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! U- @2 Q: t/ i. @; d  S# q* c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% `5 A" q1 ~2 y  {, w# i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. v" l( d" a3 z8 a! m  Z$ ]
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 b! ~# R  y; M9 q' J  O8 f. ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& W! V0 J; K: j) g, m/ D( usecondary to depression.
/ n: @* c! `0 R; ~3 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.' B0 |) A9 x1 m4 e
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 P) U3 |# f. W" K) d9 Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ y" U! O' a7 {! g# R$ h% A" j, F8 ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  ]( \, D) x. D, A6 p0 M
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: o; F' T8 F0 }6 w2 N; u
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 }" q. q$ h$ V' @
was high, he then read the product information8 s- z( M3 i3 S$ Z1 @5 V+ }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 b0 v. f6 `- P2 C* m* I
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 ^6 X$ d* u4 x5 a0 W0 F; w* Y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; P1 D% \1 [/ H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( f* L( h( y' j4 ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, h* @- Z: @3 Gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the. u1 c5 J' Z' \
laboratory to obtain the test.. C: h# o* L$ L: j
Discussion
: n+ ~& j; v7 z8 @8 b4 sPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! C1 `/ m1 |* t0 V8 B0 D
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 Y5 w4 U' G. e( ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% j6 n) J$ z. a" ]7 a0 \: {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 y: _5 Y7 p5 n- Z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; Y: E# z# p7 e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! \4 d7 o- C9 x  l# A" Q
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ N" ^! B5 M$ I) `  ~
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ o  l2 E! i- N5 y4 pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) `6 s+ e- Y! z2 n) Qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 b9 D) B2 H7 c) e" g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 w- ?' U+ p- ~" m% ^4 {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- V- f6 Q& q$ F% l) krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" w/ r( T! N9 ], ?4 bgonadotropins.1,3" o) w- C# }; B8 }; ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 U6 E. n7 i5 J" N# W. n0 }" O  M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 F% f9 g3 @5 D' pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 H6 t: W$ o9 m3 ]4 a5 I7 Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ |) ~4 `' I  u! f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 k  z3 ]1 l' ~- p- y( econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 `  g6 \% Z1 `4 S5 v0 S) sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. p: f( I4 Y6 @: W% d! X  upuberty in boys.3,4
3 v& c( K! Q6 l! }The most common form of congenital adrenal
6 T! y, k; {  ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# O, x! }3 q0 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) m* j- W, Z& pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 W# L! x. B; [; q  S' a( k2 u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 l- X$ c* J' s: R& ?3 ?( [! Eexcess.1,3' }& A0 P! `( A, X+ T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: U$ R. h( ?5 j/ o! F" Q
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007, Q4 S$ P7 |, u2 Z: p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ m  `# j  _4 ]0 n4 p" aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* F) b. N4 H" E8 @" f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# U+ [9 Q; c. o) p7 v& Cvery young age. The physical findings in these boys- S) b$ ]1 |9 a/ \0 r/ {* O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; \) S0 V8 i- L# y# ]0 A, F1 Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ G& z0 i& u, |6 a$ Y3 D0 H
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ R. q0 J4 i# W/ F
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 T1 K: z0 I" l" Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- `# k) w0 w& treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 g2 ^, Q2 A5 v  _" y) ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* i& S2 _  `  m" F0 R; `males; therefore, other male members of the family
* S; G/ q7 I# t# s. J/ k" E9 Q& smay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 X* W  n5 A3 t& c8 A; MIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ {" M4 ]& L7 h+ u! D) C; U: jsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-  k2 H; C7 F( V, N. b3 [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: _5 a6 T; t& C' F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 a4 |9 s8 {6 Hstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 h7 O' [' l) }9 [( gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 E/ ^3 j" c( ?! [+ ~1 _
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( b- `4 f1 i- |! b# q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- }9 Y8 p* l! b3 b! `  q2 xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( ]  w/ H- W- q+ seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 }; E. J0 X. |; Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- x' {4 V5 l% g+ `, b
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 k) x+ |" Z+ NThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 \5 e4 s7 |) Q$ c5 Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& O$ z4 j3 C' k: ?" xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-) z" {! E: ^6 T0 S0 u
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! \& `& G( T: J
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 {1 ?; \. s+ t0 A0 m9 m$ [* bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( r& T: K4 L  C2 j
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" H% H5 i' Z5 ]0 H/ E) M4 m. y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& x# Q7 P9 B$ V" `: i) ^/ @- y2 ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 \2 U5 y% n5 Z6 n! |5 Q/ D# O, q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, s8 g* p+ b6 cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 o- N, w/ a4 i- \3 r: y) y, T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
- A5 x1 A/ C3 X; Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 ]+ k% K5 v2 l9 B  Y+ }. j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( k: ~, F, s3 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 i$ S# N: [) [1 g: aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" Q" f: Z9 B% u& Jwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 p1 s+ \0 S1 Z5 }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 ~! J9 z% }: z/ I; Z8 F& v/ S; H
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' [2 N$ D. c- E
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 X1 u6 U/ p, ]/ texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! s0 Y) \! c. C" i, }! D
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 P8 a% s' q3 f9 C$ Ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, f) i- l; G2 t5 [children results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ V) c8 o. w. j# q. Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ U9 I# S4 i3 Z8 D7 A2 OThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 I3 f5 C4 M- }- o) ^
early childhood on pubertal development and final
0 T6 {4 O4 q* U# O* Wadult height are not fully known and always remain* W/ _' g. r- w# l2 C# {9 S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% C  K( [# I1 D2 i. E' ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# ?% b; d+ n+ y- Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 V( j) W: C; z# @" ^1 v  V* Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 T! X) ^4 U$ C; b9 g1 T& [
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 ^. z4 j% e' s2 w. v" U
There are conflicting reports and controversy' s' Y  L: X* }! S0 a8 i2 @  {, I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( E! N  [/ _, M* I3 Qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( D# G- x% b3 y: k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# E* K0 y+ v' a  Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* P* z4 A  Q$ M2 L( J- A: FSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 T- I9 Q3 V" l7 [! [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% U$ S) I1 ?4 t: S9 _  M3 Upenile length in clinical studies., f4 G6 x) q6 r
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" o' u: H) p1 Egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 ^4 ?8 Q8 O# G. V( ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; T* j  _5 T. ~+ q" E4 d7 p/ Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 P: M. \7 S5 y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of- u+ f* P" k, G( B7 H% U+ F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ S3 b* |+ I) b9 r8 L
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- y* s8 V1 V) o6 x7 r2 E1 }height will not be affected.
" b& S9 m) f# H# |. GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: ]6 F( q7 g) r7 q, F4 A; J
ability of androgen products in our society may
, f: n8 a& o: s# D# s) n4 u& Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female6 u, S" O4 _/ ]! m
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ l6 P) r/ F* A" W; y0 Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ x% j' X, Q; ]6 a$ ]
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 C0 R7 H( t$ F. Q/ k! V8 t
gel should be asked of the family members during
& w8 _( `: l. `& S, }( }% ?/ Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( [% B2 _% I: p3 T( g6 @& Z) Q9 [- u9 \4 o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% e: a7 ]# C. F' a: h! @1 Z& ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 ^& Y7 k! d, M4 Q; Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) K' |1 j* U- L" ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" ^% A# `# W$ X1 r& F& c& E' vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( u8 w4 e: z5 z: ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be
& b1 E. D, g9 M$ u  |aware of this fact, because most of these children
. D9 E: C# L, C; q$ ~7 ~! B/ smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ f- u! E& z; e# B4 H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ X/ `* R0 O1 X& u; I5 X2 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
% p8 i6 _: E; O* J4 L% O( f+ R: zfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 K. y, v0 p% P
one using any of these products.
6 ~- G/ H% u. A9 w$ |7 {0 P2 BReferences
3 _" k' m- Q1 Z% M" E! a1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 P+ X, e# ?/ o% G, x4 Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ B8 i' |# F7 E4 U( t3 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" n# p" B) R6 e- l; \
2002: 565-628.
' H: l3 @( ]7 G( D5 l/ Y. l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* f8 D% c; i+ {+ Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 [7 H" E( @0 N* y+ LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 n2 q( W' c* d: HExposure to Testosterone
: c$ r  Y/ P6 n- W4 O* ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  U4 {$ u; O$ b/ r* K1 N4 v! Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 V: @; ~) ]' n. TClinical Pediatrics
' \% O" y0 t# a* M6 J# p' WVolume 46 Number 6
) G& `$ R7 [0 l. L# P1 V  X5 nJuly 2007 540-5436 a0 ^# Q7 \3 Y5 D$ h) C
© 2007 Sage Publications! `1 n& i! a( N( ]: ^4 a) u3 I0 ]- \0 y
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ S$ V; D! h. T* y, ihttp://clp.sagepub.com& u6 a% h" B" I# S( \/ N3 E
hosted at  v6 e5 b- r) }
http://online.sagepub.com
3 ^2 F2 p" j+ X% @' |2 D- a0 i+ dPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* C5 [  B4 K' ~
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ `( Q, e: i/ S2 Z+ h9 Y; p0 Fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 u7 r* Z/ P0 a+ ~
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# ?/ M7 x! ^/ Q! r6 P$ U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; `- M$ C/ A3 U' Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; A* Y3 b6 K* A0 ^% Yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 B& C& i$ G- U8 d7 Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ \. r& d* y: q+ ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; H) d( H) e: Z. D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) O  U, |4 N2 k* F& x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ u# ?; l9 E1 Q. _# Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' e2 W8 S" o2 X- S- n7 tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 E. Z! ?5 {# q; Dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 V) O, \5 J: e7 G* t  P8 e) L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- e  x5 H. Z3 l, U3 q7 Dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 O; y) R; ?2 d. {! Ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, ^; u  S. r) s# \& D' @
bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 Y" d9 W" ~+ N0 P3 ?+ k8 vliterature.4
9 k. r' X: T! O, _" }  ~Patient Report
' S" E/ C- x" b/ D$ L7 \A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 ^0 o7 \7 w8 c/ D" `endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 F9 I- U. ?2 M8 D6 l
of early sexual development. His mother noticed. {" ^6 \5 `% C7 L; }
light colored pubic hair development when he was. H/ u3 O' j9 I' y5 R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. C& l! [5 ]! N2 L& }2 c- E( P" YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" u# h3 H# j" ~/ ?" L- c' dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 Z1 Y+ k4 _  K2 m. I1 X# UProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" A; n7 K% H) B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- l* H8 J, D; @5 q
e-mail: [email protected].
( R9 Q. V6 d1 ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 k& R- z4 i0 r7 ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% L: a* ^- W0 M/ L9 h2 Z+ N) a  g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ E0 ^+ t+ S6 y& r5 q! A8 u  R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 m; |: w/ P. C8 {6 da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' I* x; K* d$ j  z! S20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! o3 X! \1 T, T  T, \* {9 {* Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 n) Y/ @& f0 R/ @1 M( W% _solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 }& f. u  ^: |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 d0 c$ S7 s) g0 ~- ^! L1 L2 r" u
was age appropriate.
2 S. Y6 A* O5 u+ M# YThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! s& o; Y% d& l9 Iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ F# o: G1 E9 M, S0 C9 E; b* X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 ^& u' u3 U, q3 k# ^# Q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' i7 c* D. X& h  @) _" E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! c' z) S" @: L, {9 h6 M7 F% x( j1 pThe father denied taking any other medication. The: z% W7 b; |# U! y) z7 E% e8 f; v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 y7 H; v+ O3 I" ^& i
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet" l2 ~2 Y' j; I: E/ B. d! O+ ]2 `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% J8 \: d5 z/ l8 m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" b# t$ ]' v! @0 ytives. There were no siblings.
; K' J7 |9 v* `Physical Examination, t) z% g3 [3 o# W
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 x7 {$ X/ V8 {6 @( ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  L! @- a* }9 ~0 Q$ ?# k
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ q* b; ]9 [/ K. E0 @, x" @, x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 l! a0 d. z) @, @6 a% o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 }: m- N: z& h% l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' u$ o' d3 T" S1 d4 D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, x: v0 u& H  M( @4 O9 MThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 ]8 @7 K/ G. L3 o( C9 oenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 ~* ?: V( R; @
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 m+ u* h% W0 F" u% N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 a( r2 L4 w) w540
( N" g) Q: b  b+ Y) Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 D) n# |+ J5 ^. E& u- X# _1 M7 q3 c3 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The+ v3 q* S. T  H% T* y2 O: }( Y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% w5 A' I$ P0 T, a/ X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ a2 ~6 k0 q) t" Y1 Q: h
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no0 W( P; T" p: k3 f5 p# o" Z7 Q. R
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ Y5 T, h+ w' W( V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 h% L" m% Q8 y# y  O) t
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ h2 @1 y+ S. ]9 z, d+ Nof papilledema.
" k/ p  N- ^% I2 xLaboratory Evaluation. h" Q$ K+ l- W) C
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 O' @& E9 S6 }/ G  L! B
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( M4 y% w% s' b/ m; F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( _, e, m/ {5 h2 {
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  y; M3 z3 S0 S7 V  Bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 r8 ?. b* v/ j& L6 y3 ~
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& ~1 t# B5 e; rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ h1 ~. ]+ o: t7 Y! t/ h1 h7 eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 d$ p6 `/ @3 B/ D0 Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
8 x$ ~' }' h. Zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 |5 m* K: Q4 L2 ?8 i1 v" x9 A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 ]& W- i. B/ `* g7 E( W+ _- M5 Jng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( S; Z3 f) f8 `3 X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( N- q6 t4 a/ a; v7 L6 A% S5 X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 x- f2 |/ D0 L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ Y9 a' U( e8 K; ]5 C# D; f
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( o$ A3 s6 P& [, }( |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! T5 y- U" D! I6 E* M; p- y1 b5 [
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# Z" e( G1 ]3 P+ O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ V; t, H; D7 Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 r% A# l4 U( n1 N/ m5 p0 R: ]7 }
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 P7 g9 d/ ]- s1 B6 d( T
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. f8 w9 W- U8 e& z(prepubertal).
( B4 _7 A" f, w: X( `! s% XThe parents were notified about the laboratory, }2 O$ ~, ~+ d$ r
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ w+ k2 W  g! U- _( E' K6 |$ znormal except the testosterone level was high. The
" b! O1 w: A$ v% O& _5 K) K! o; C+ Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! G. f/ C. U- ~- Kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. K" P  W5 t9 ?+ |: d
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! g; _: H1 n7 ^9 E7 i/ H1 c
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ i3 O9 ?+ n  u  ?8 G7 ?3 |4 b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- ]0 p; Y& E9 {8 |8 P5 u
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 M( A- e' Y! _  G. b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" n: P% L! G* \
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! u0 T: b. W- `. o5 ]- l8 ^
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, i$ U# l$ ?2 }, o* v  t8 M
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 R* K) l+ m( N7 f2 {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' L2 a' ^% P' p' y+ o
ing frequent erections.5 f- _5 B4 H& ^$ Z
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ o. C5 i6 P, o4 v- U+ H% Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# v8 p0 M9 ?2 n) u2 Y" t9 b; ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ `$ L* y8 B- r7 _$ U$ C- y1 u7 vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 v! E9 l9 J2 I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-6 O8 y( G1 a. L' Z, @# V# k
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
* @$ {" b" u$ Y6 u" b# M) wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! r" w; |+ M+ O9 v' d( h0 ]" b  W
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: a$ C& R4 @4 Z0 K/ P$ ]
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 Y" H1 A, F9 J7 h
secondary to depression.& t8 q/ l/ ~2 ^2 S9 F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.+ d+ b& s1 s' l  m- Z$ t
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 H8 Z- l" U$ R1 T0 k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ _3 M! b8 t. I4 H1 J1 z, jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 s: v3 y+ T" c: l5 O2 C4 l0 P4 zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,& _( [: m* O2 g3 V- {
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 ~- z' W6 U0 O" o9 H# jwas high, he then read the product information
* @$ I) f) W4 X4 x' u4 [% z" opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
* H1 ~+ q' l2 K1 G- @son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 p7 C+ V  l  t7 I/ s( S+ M3 b
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# S  d7 S1 u+ Y- M% Mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 w7 o3 |5 a" F1 `9 x6 N
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 H" U  n5 M2 U$ q; x7 r: `
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ z( s, |5 }3 ?; Slaboratory to obtain the test.
5 c5 J2 c+ Q8 D( z! ^Discussion- ?0 O( K% L$ g" m0 h+ J2 p* N
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( ~# J$ @' M# a& [* Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 ?/ W) P$ l) a* D; ^/ o9 @. O
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: }' J, `$ H) s% `
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; M. T( I/ O2 k2 H( h- cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. h: }( |- @. O& b" W# h2 U# T. j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 [: g$ B, M& T4 i; L; T! W2 ]/ o, ]may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: E: W% B6 R2 j2 Q0 \! bresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- o2 i: r1 O6 t3 }0 w3 ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( j* D. {3 M- y" \, H1 `& G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" W- G) I, a( B0 k# O5 Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" }' y  c" {) Q! r$ f3 s6 c5 q% [  T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* ]# |: R- O- ?% n2 Y+ Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: ]- E7 |/ x% S! f: f9 Sgonadotropins.1,3$ s8 P4 ~$ _- h: @" N
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 T/ C/ o* ]( h% _: @8 L2 g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ b6 y6 H! ~& U# t$ g' \; Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& Z, B, S' b# A) D3 y) q: Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. p, Q' n6 L0 pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* l6 V* k3 R$ Gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: f+ \( Y$ P/ W+ z9 ~0 v- Z' ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  f- v' T- F' Wpuberty in boys.3,4
0 C* A; w. H+ \$ `# oThe most common form of congenital adrenal6 O9 h' J+ J9 M+ M
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
+ U0 k6 I- M/ f) ]2 wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, O1 K4 X- ]0 Y5 d; Z3 F7 g4 t# f. Z) sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ s$ p( ^  y/ d" N- r
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) i$ l  m! J) T8 h- G) U$ yexcess.1,3' X& H+ }) R/ L+ _1 o* i1 f1 X9 C0 j
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) G0 n  ~5 S2 m* K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 ?! X6 P1 u; l7 v( V0 \! ]/ O6 W
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ ]) G( ?  X- g  ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 F7 l) s7 v$ y' r- ^7 c
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 q$ b) h5 ?5 {/ _# {$ T; s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
- S. g% B7 t2 _# e8 Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
( y' K. [2 j9 c6 t& ]) `# ~' uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- f; q) @3 }% u0 L, `with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& q( j! v2 r; q7 D5 gare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# `, Z1 Y; f$ S% ], k% k6 Kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 ^" c7 \3 b, treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& @3 G9 C- U; X( _8 O* X' x# B# D3 P8 Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# j- S7 x( ?- M/ e3 lmales; therefore, other male members of the family
  O) g: ~- y& L0 ~! V3 Y! lmay have similar precocious puberty.3
3 Z# y9 M2 P4 A# Q! cIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 r: W9 }) q1 S( y1 C
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* X# O5 M2 j1 ~$ @3 J3 V& {% ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) a. c+ j* m3 {5 @8 q6 owas in the differential diagnosis because his father% r  x* n8 r% g9 X" |
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ \  B" j! d+ e- n  ]/ e1 \testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! ?8 x: a5 i! c
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 k# g3 g, a# v1 }# j) N; _7 O6 Wative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& s) G' T' X: I! o4 a- Jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& ?7 a; s9 h" k; \* D) leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* X5 T: r3 s! n& S( k8 Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 s. ?$ E; A7 n" C7 C& Q) |% f
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( O$ i& L, q3 w2 j& C1 E' MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 d/ e$ X: c/ Q" \5 H& M: G3 msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ y7 d" M. R+ v# }the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  Y- {- }9 Y3 s0 q  U( \
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# e! H$ A' E- K/ Z/ s+ Idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' R  J6 j1 U! I, e' U9 Q1 `terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. \6 {9 X  H* ~- t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 @2 o# i8 Q3 u9 U) W
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ [, @/ M7 e. [& ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  J) m: B+ C, m# w. J6 H$ |+ Xunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 l+ n. l" L. A! T5 t4 vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 N* I0 @" r5 @  {  Z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to" F/ B+ a' i! o" q5 y! i/ s+ ^0 W: {% i
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 Q5 q/ T2 a* q/ }) \! S
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' M9 x# d' ^  ]- r: `
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  Z8 W8 a6 L  OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," X& M( e% I2 M' D3 V. e1 n( X
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  A* M5 g* l) Vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 d9 W0 ^  U) |( F( ]7 E
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' {1 s) x% J6 t+ G2 w+ a( _6 j
active in young children exposed to testosterone
' k, K6 ]9 F0 K% @8 o' P2 Kexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 ^( |6 |+ e: e% w/ r( u7 S' q! Y) L
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- q) Y  V9 _# @) S  Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 j0 w: v7 z9 S# j. Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
# D  u; S1 l: S# g0 {( ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 S& e7 L7 V$ B, P. `: {, xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 I  `6 X8 @( \' u/ Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, _/ m& I! {( M0 Y; K4 M& `adult height are not fully known and always remain# U6 S/ o% F9 V6 C3 q  D; P
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* s5 G7 v0 b/ i* V9 k; Z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( N1 T2 H2 ^6 g* o* I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% A( ?: B3 P, V/ d$ Q5 T4 Ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 h/ O8 s/ B7 V3 j8 A! Adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, l) ~6 k* e! H* [7 ]There are conflicting reports and controversy
4 M' E6 T7 t" N: I9 s5 r% tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: Q% o0 O' D3 V' i3 @" ~" ypenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) O: Y- W) |7 \2 ?7 i7 cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, ^# [0 G. k# p# f1 T) T! B
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. s7 E$ E/ P/ i: VSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: N- i2 f7 e8 v' `childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- [9 Y8 e! t' U6 P% ?/ Ppenile length in clinical studies.
7 Q- B, V7 Z1 D+ M% bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 Q9 K8 ^2 H" o; F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ r# U: j  M6 r6 R. x( j! Y* Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* x  g" E  `) x2 ^, {$ C! b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. z* M% ?. q. q4 cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of6 L, F# y$ [) o; n! P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# P8 J  \2 m. A& b
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ [$ E! H8 \9 |: D) O$ c
height will not be affected.9 `6 t0 R  e5 A, l. `1 n+ b- s6 i5 Z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- }' }$ \! e9 p! {5 S/ a: sability of androgen products in our society may
! Q4 X/ P" r8 A6 vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
  o" y$ a4 B( x  @; R- Y8 H8 zchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. U9 o6 D- x& k( s: z8 L
gen products must be considered and specific ques-5 g! b- O: G. b: u+ U0 \8 J# f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 c3 _" G. s, k
gel should be asked of the family members during
" D2 ~1 u/ k# Z- O3 i/ E4 Zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 [' g0 `) f; b
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ j: g, e8 E; `' c) w1 k) c3 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 l, z+ |% @) U' Z: Zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 v) u2 D, v/ H9 f! d( r: Q3 khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! G' E4 j' Y" z  ]2 d
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# {6 |  x2 n5 iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
+ J" M- E) ~$ L7 S: Aaware of this fact, because most of these children
* p! L& G' q+ b7 P& `% k8 c  z9 Cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 F/ L0 A- r8 L0 z# t
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; Z0 k9 q; {% s; _+ J* swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% u) H- ~1 u+ `  ]
female child who might come in contact with some-, g8 J0 s+ n; R) r( ?
one using any of these products.
+ e6 S9 l8 M: y, I7 @9 Z8 |, BReferences# `7 b- a+ r7 ?: O3 a% }! V% l- v
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% A+ Q: J6 k* j/ d2 Z& W, h0 Wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! w( u! ~: L5 P5 `' `- Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' t0 J* z$ [! ?7 U; [; H3 g2002: 565-628.; ?8 F- H# S: z4 i" B* @/ d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 e, M$ L2 X, v7 }/ f- kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

, J, V9 _& n9 |' f" n& J2 Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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