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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 ?5 c& {+ P$ T; B& ?/ ABoy Induced by Indirect Topical4 b8 o* f3 N9 y3 j$ {
Exposure to Testosterone' f6 V" X* n9 V$ u; Y; Q+ q+ C
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, L7 h! M$ N/ _
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" Y! ]9 e4 _8 M- F
Clinical Pediatrics P3 L$ N! C. r; h7 j) b6 H
Volume 46 Number 6/ ^% H' o) T8 t, }) [
July 2007 540-543" _. b" h+ c. R1 [+ {# ]4 R
© 2007 Sage Publications
. o9 I; c8 u1 }8 e2 _! H/ c* [10.1177/0009922806296651
: }5 B: k) @4 _1 \& A8 i3 Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
' I- @& k* a/ x, ?& \$ yhosted at
, Z) x7 @7 g2 S+ b7 qhttp://online.sagepub.com
) x% ?: X, c% \: o2 TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral, z3 J" i8 H- g6 y5 I( q; s- u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 R# y0 g- |; v" w' A& i5 t6 t
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ b( y9 J' Q a/ k# g3 I1 t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 A& @9 H4 Z. X- j, r, X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! k) o3 B! k; p7 {
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: p t% ?# J+ q1 ~6 w0 Q# E
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' T1 \8 [& p8 V* l3 U! d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 ~! @5 M8 q1 s7 z" Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 z8 U) f5 B/ s) m* d1 X2 b1 G nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( P. B, Z2 Z3 F& n/ t4 \+ henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 s, l4 P1 K% e" Q" Ement without testicular enlargement, which was due
. H: ?. f" P$ I& t" Qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 m( ?, o5 _* M4 g$ p- }* xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
e& \- X, L7 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ r( Z3 j7 G1 W, k1 A" X$ echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' i9 ~0 d: r# j" e- a' z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 f9 Q0 s# ~9 u
bly more common than the rare case report in the% Z0 L8 k7 t1 h @, `
literature.4
( k! U8 t7 F2 P) L" M! JPatient Report
5 O4 y% ?) P$ V+ w8 N0 g/ c. _) o, [A 16-month-old white child was referred to the# x% u. \$ g% q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 W: x6 V- R K/ t* |% X
of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 s# F Y! C7 z. D* n2 w2 |
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 s7 n, p1 `0 u! g: v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' v" r& a7 T) x, Q. |: ?& U: [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: d0 o3 [/ d# F* r8 q/ v/ OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ m8 L1 y2 ^9 d
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ k* i5 ^$ L5 d$ XMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 L% [1 e2 h; f" E8 De-mail: [email protected].
: U/ L) z2 @' ^) p: Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 O# }8 z2 `" m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& N7 e: o: f3 }4 }$ r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- C0 R7 L8 @" y, z% Xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( s( d1 K# G% i6 c0 b! c6 {/ ?& xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! q: t, b u' m/ I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% x, s. t/ N, G8 z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 f6 R8 ~$ G ~8 b2 m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ J5 g: `$ f/ b. g2 Sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 j7 g; N- f( ?/ Ywas age appropriate.# s) r* O1 |3 f# j
The family history was remarkable for the father,
% k, Z2 L/ z8 X) f0 B- Rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% w( O: w) w( owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s Z1 @ k( t8 _6 Q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& k( r' C/ b% j4 i6 L2 fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: _$ [3 A/ o) O$ i# o
The father denied taking any other medication. The& T% w# }5 h# }3 H& s! ]7 h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 K+ f' R6 j. V; y# qwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! `, g$ _4 x+ k m3 P1 Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 C6 u5 g6 s' ?. e/ u4 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-) {$ H% z6 \. `2 j4 c
tives. There were no siblings.
4 j& H9 y b6 k$ @Physical Examination
' o. E/ G$ i; o$ s" i4 \The physical examination revealed a very active,: L; V* S. k* f3 _2 }9 C3 p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' G+ g8 o9 `% k2 Wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 O5 k& }5 N: A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 e% f1 J) X. c' J8 I7 [6 X& J0 i! G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 C5 ?! ~9 ^1 o/ I( z+ s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
c4 M3 t2 z& b7 w5 Z: K% \# Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 Q. i3 N$ r2 D& S1 X6 e! x% \The genitourinary examination was remarkable for D: o9 [, D3 d7 Y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 o7 U, n0 ^$ s: \6 F$ @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; c! a: G2 k; `4 }/ U
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ j9 U; K& [& O" {* ]540/ K% T& `, L0 I- g- U/ ?: L9 b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* q4 l K! ?3 A) gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 R1 ^1 a0 W4 x' e- dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' o/ ?. y, e/ i q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% I" @% v3 F; y/ t' S
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! T& F6 v8 r) w% B( {9 U' Habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 Z5 g- b& f% K* X3 ^) h1 ~ ?* _" p1 SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! Q: V7 D! |/ F" C. v. o2 e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# J( A% }1 F* o E. u
of papilledema.
6 c& v0 w2 Q! Y$ ^. YLaboratory Evaluation
0 p0 l; g1 a1 F0 ~" K! yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 ]9 P* R1 E4 _* E5 ?: ?. Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 u4 ^% b- h$ j2 r' {2 mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 E( i' Z' T4 D+ v/ `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, Q6 n$ f, }) n. o6 y9 a% S' K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) y! r2 m1 K5 k' h# `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
7 |) ~. n' e3 q( V- h0 F* N" oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) F6 |7 v, \% x) x8 L- x3 J8 A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! M x6 v8 _7 Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) t: D* X! M' n A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ a/ } a0 q( a! H) s; u {(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: ~/ P% l+ Q" \" E7 b! yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 n; o. R! e, |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
h" I: H, P" x/ }& bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# H: u: F5 H H. w$ d7 x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 ~5 x" I- P+ t( B2 P( a1 _- nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 L, Q$ o0 z! `tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 N+ I; V+ z2 ^/ Z
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 E J/ r \- C& N, `. j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 A0 O5 T! z" [
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ d+ C2 a% N$ O- T: A: b9 Dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% p! Z, H# h/ F4 L+ a8 X5 X2 ]
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL( w# V; w) E; d' {8 n" \* B: Z% @
(prepubertal).
& W7 F& e1 L6 O; n' l) {9 x% p% OThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ }0 y6 S; a6 e% G
results and were informed that all of the tests were6 s1 ~& D% Y6 M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( v# T6 k# f: {2 j' r
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* Z& D' q. g; sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 U$ I8 S" O6 o" n0 p4 G
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 e( a# X& v, }/ r( G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 ^: L# n& m! k$ g/ s/ C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, i' M H' M5 \0 K5 K
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 g+ y: O0 X/ U+ i% k8 s. _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 `: [- r% z) G; opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. D, O X, q* \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 g/ k4 y8 ?: p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged. a0 {: A$ A. b! L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 j0 Q4 r! a' f, b' y6 N
ing frequent erections.; Y& ~7 c# Y6 Y! @1 j) P; H9 q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
! ?" Y9 L( \0 e5 j5 hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to( b2 v7 E9 p8 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 f. [+ u* X! X/ {1 ZTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; u G' P3 ~8 h; Luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- x* i+ p: m3 e' v" {) }$ Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 i3 x3 R9 {1 Z- Za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# K7 Q \6 Z1 L1 A( F; A
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: u) g+ c! E8 ~/ ?' r4 a7 ^" E8 P5 b) Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 x# u# X! P2 D. H* `8 K
secondary to depression.1 {; ~. s! Z* u: L5 n0 x" A2 F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# ^/ s5 C* d- hThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* x5 p8 v8 U( o7 z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ H. K/ K t! y3 A% c+ \& k) m$ @6 Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 O' M# p* E: y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 D7 h: L4 a$ W! N9 g/ L( X) _0 \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 ~* g5 _4 d: [- o$ E8 d
was high, he then read the product information
4 p E9 ]/ f! Z: T; V( u* q1 Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 j. V% `7 S; m; J' f9 o" T0 Mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) ^/ N1 A. G6 d/ {3 G
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 M- Q# m& J3 Y7 ]9 v/ I/ a7 y9 \- |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Z! F9 _8 F3 i( o5 ^ ?% rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* I( _1 f5 v# _( H- ?& Dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" m8 R$ T: B8 c. Slaboratory to obtain the test.
3 v% o7 \. L! e% X( iDiscussion# d$ w' X& ]& Y# r" l8 W& G1 m' O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ V( J) w2 I4 B) bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& }0 r' i5 O7 TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) l/ y; \# w4 B8 G: P% Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 [9 }( j5 ?$ S" B) q$ j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, e9 f# P3 B) }1 cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) B+ M! ?* \; Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. E% m% P% D6 \" ]( ^5 T1 o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% b4 t# R2 g Z0 j& {. _5 Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 L! ]6 Z7 T% `6 p! [sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 T! _9 t. @4 K' l7 k' ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 {: j+ S1 J* E/ @8 P" A: V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
N( K0 _2 M/ V/ a7 O, frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% D9 ^7 C4 ]& \# {1 j/ wgonadotropins.1,3
9 j* _/ {$ d. rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 H' G- p/ a3 q R+ w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 u8 U- r2 ]6 M6 ` k# k' Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or& j2 |/ L$ d( Z; ` r. g2 z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 c6 w$ C4 v4 a- zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: E) }+ R! g9 G4 N8 m) |+ {, O% |' Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 t9 C, p! z" z. U" D u& [) `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% N- d8 w7 N) C' E1 Z7 f, h
puberty in boys.3,48 R: ]; a8 d% |/ A& N& |* F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 {1 O# q0 l( `/ e: Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ s. @# u3 V) W% U# w6 X4 ?: O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 P- l+ l: k- q! _) Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( f( r6 z$ f1 p3 i; V* q9 Uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 r. V# L! i2 K+ \9 `) {! U
excess.1,36 a( P) p: I0 E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! L b- N, _8 L: W+ J7 Y7 x7 `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) X4 L" z! K) l* A% gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin- t& ^8 Y/ o0 u0 P3 [
independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 w$ {# H$ ]' [# L( M0 Z/ H& ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' \( z4 h- ]+ n% ~4 {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 h$ m, R( \* X& q6 E" |* F& t" Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,' k( U' P3 E j% O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys q: B7 r C0 x
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& v, z" ^ P+ A/ [/ V$ y$ j- v
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( c) T) j" I5 G: o1 J' u
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% `5 B' k- B9 D3 @. Z" e+ nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ C& `1 f/ M6 l
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( y0 D3 v8 y, I' ~. s
males; therefore, other male members of the family* ]) O" J- G) c& R
may have similar precocious puberty.3. K+ e/ {+ s" d. i& P, |8 x1 x+ W0 z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 A7 y% O7 Y3 n* {4 Esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* M& l0 U0 ]. v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* z$ G R+ v. m! Iwas in the differential diagnosis because his father% I2 O5 E6 g3 n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 n8 F2 f/ O& @- Z4 |. N0 n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! j9 x' F" U, T( v, i$ w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 f6 K. q# e: [8 X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ \* `+ `% |2 Q, |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 [/ L( X6 g+ Q5 o$ o7 beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ _/ j0 s% s5 ^( ^) C8 T6 u
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: r7 [5 Z: {3 k" Z+ qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ i# L( A' Z) r; j! {% LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- l% _- w% t, J) r. z. e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) ~5 q/ G, w- N4 f1 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! w* R2 v2 n) s* d5 U* c K Z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 n# J' k* l7 [/ W# k( q; e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; B5 H1 P, p7 K# V H0 @+ b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; e2 e3 ~" b! @, N2 _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 a) ~1 ^8 E$ O# f1 h. e, eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& S1 l2 L& b% K( n+ p6 v4 j, t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: d) R P! r* a& @7 tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.' j4 T% @, o, ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 D" Y, v/ v! t$ D$ Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to- d; D( x/ Z& A- z0 r5 B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 T' `; l. g3 ]# p3 H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 z( N4 n) D( Q Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 K' d# W, z9 |* G% @0 \9 D$ h0 @6 `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 C+ Y M* H8 A& _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; ~$ i8 x/ t5 R+ W. Ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* S, ~- w& F0 E& s% S6 J4 lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( [( |* }" T; w( k! Q) u) _
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 |' m5 H& n4 r6 n$ Oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% r+ D. \( a6 F: r% s6 O+ g* kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
l+ d! Y# H9 p; T( `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% ]9 M3 X7 ^) c8 }$ T4 |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and z7 h4 W2 ^3 |: y. g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 m- x, p4 g: |6 l8 Q4 l, o/ J( G; o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during: i9 R/ I7 o9 m2 _( L
early childhood on pubertal development and final" s+ t0 J0 u! P. q2 Z/ x3 T7 Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain" u& T/ ~6 W& N' W$ V: L7 f2 U! U
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ `, f5 q v% _& l2 A& s# yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; \/ V: r1 {: ~- w/ S) \' Pacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; b9 B! r# h5 l# p2 J; n; }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: v* L: }$ A; p E. F. pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; C: [" j" y9 {! [: S) c1 r8 c& z
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ X$ t$ C; J0 f, q5 h6 j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 J0 ?. c V2 U+ M. m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- B+ z' x7 S u8 J& k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 L$ R0 Y* D9 W3 {. j
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( h7 ^) O. V! ]3 l. h2 `0 w; k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
Z/ N9 L; ~" s, x. p8 ?9 _& echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 R* Q2 C; ~: `3 k$ Rpenile length in clinical studies.7 ]6 @$ Z; U5 U7 w4 n) C" L6 ~+ a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# j. F3 Q7 N% M' |going to experience any of the untoward effects from% U; v+ V) ^9 C- ~6 F
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because+ f- z/ v0 I" x: `( q3 v% s u7 U+ I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! a; l$ r8 w I: b0 V) R! L& ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of# X/ x5 O5 ~" x6 n2 x
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* t& l+ U0 M$ t3 Y, Y9 g
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' F" F2 `( j9 s$ q7 t, f. Aheight will not be affected.
* K# f% }( X C! C+ ^Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ I& _8 i7 n. v( hability of androgen products in our society may3 d3 ^9 y( c+ c7 Q0 x& I) Y! t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
' y |' B8 V2 i; K7 |! d5 v/ ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: b0 \. B' ]* G! M2 X2 |2 h/ X, e# L1 @
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, j. \! F0 ?0 d8 O: ~' ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 U' V' q& l& w7 g5 S
gel should be asked of the family members during' X# N8 }/ d' C0 P0 D, J
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ @( ^* t$ L8 O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* x" O% z& N( ^- E: A m0 C' q% d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# U- H4 G1 ^4 o+ M, n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ p1 U: i) X7 `history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 q$ h$ E! j8 z, C4 F5 g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) T, p) O) z+ \" P$ Q j1 e! P/ Cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 f$ u5 ^6 ^0 E. Z
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 K N& a# g6 b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ o4 B' ?& I* T/ P2 u! PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a; T. S5 U- K& E; Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ r' ?# G% A( E0 O L( B: y* lfemale child who might come in contact with some-6 e/ h6 T4 `/ w
one using any of these products.: W! E7 Y& @% y _
References& F! r6 ], p; G4 H/ W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 l5 P1 B/ V. x$ b1 {/ i; I2 U) |and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* W/ r' f6 X' e7 k4 J* F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( L7 m9 ?; N/ t& `2 T
2002: 565-628.& z& _1 S1 |$ K2 h$ ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, E, C+ R3 U) ]( `. Y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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