繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到窄版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 x. o/ f* c/ g1 K" ~6 O3 e1 c
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
2 l7 M" G1 T+ p6 A. f( ]Exposure to Testosterone
# x# `# Z$ G% S  n: b: t; MSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 r9 G2 J$ i+ I5 D3 U' U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 s$ c7 v. n4 j# H! O3 L2 M% v7 XClinical Pediatrics* A3 K. `8 f% Y. P4 ]5 r3 B$ c1 S- w$ b! C
Volume 46 Number 6
  d0 W  d) C5 I' G( AJuly 2007 540-543: v8 U. ^- K2 @- k* y, J4 g
© 2007 Sage Publications# z$ M, Y* ~2 N$ \
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 Z& q, A, `+ R6 B# ^% x" p! N/ }! \http://clp.sagepub.com
: w3 m1 T& b9 L$ i" f8 }hosted at
4 A4 J: `( m3 W( v3 n. Khttp://online.sagepub.com; M$ N# V% R' G- M3 b
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 d* _. }  B" d7 B) yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; X" _$ Y0 ^# s7 v( Tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. P6 r* f+ x9 f% P9 M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. |1 w9 |) L3 O- i8 Y5 \6 u& ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# z" Z$ b# a) s* L5 G- ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 l+ @0 @& Y% o1 i
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" B4 C$ O" G( I- l4 s4 I3 V
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 @  l- ~7 ~6 `$ H7 N# e
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 b$ x0 T" k0 Z/ n9 H7 s- N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ t4 c6 Q+ E% ]6 f/ a. b
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 i" C$ Y! _% Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due* B% Y0 `7 @3 ?  c* w, P2 O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 R, A; H2 X6 B3 C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# R' K( `9 {; n5 P# Ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% k1 Z/ E8 |& F( K! Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' U( Y0 M6 a$ e3 ?' ?* ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 h% E. Y1 F/ {4 v
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ F% e% f. @* g* p+ ?' l
literature.4
( |1 X% ]  |. v7 f0 D: qPatient Report
0 l: @7 u& a. q, t% C( Z3 E! pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) K/ N3 E8 q2 I2 Dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' u5 m( D; l6 D: o' Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed' D" G! v. r& h( s5 v- m  i: t
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ a2 g# n# u- k. @; R' t
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; s- t2 N3 @2 B; p, [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 ]( [/ G8 L( W  B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 U3 v$ e( v/ G) V; oProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% R: t" @# n; T5 V8 y7 T, ^# K$ JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. |, _9 T% a6 j( V* q$ Y7 G' ^8 Ie-mail: [email protected].6 o) Z. s  c4 c3 S2 d
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# t, `* B7 }6 R# ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
' N4 m: Y  v1 f  q9 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ^2 u8 O4 W& V3 }was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  Y( |6 s; ?  O4 o1 |% H; K5 \1 aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 e  ?  g* V. B  x20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 W" V1 c$ l2 N# I. C: T( Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: Q( F0 t7 C5 O) ?. A& A
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 Y2 {( y* d+ N/ J* Land his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& O* G' `7 Z: I3 V: kwas age appropriate.
: ^$ N0 ?& k- U4 e6 YThe family history was remarkable for the father,# L8 p/ f/ X7 D
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 j+ T: F# ^9 Z) X5 owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 L# x. q" N6 Q2 Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
- p; m/ h; E; n. D7 Z/ x2 b# l8 Dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ X0 M) t( Y; s5 X6 D
The father denied taking any other medication. The
  u6 Q' |# x6 d; b1 U! z8 I, jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% S+ x7 `" ^/ I1 u  @4 n. u; |
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 C. ?& m9 u: O6 f: d& u( @8 l$ O' I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 B$ i  x7 \+ Z% g3 ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-* j" h7 {9 k" B" S! W, A
tives. There were no siblings.
" ^  A" c. ?! }6 R7 t' uPhysical Examination. l4 x: P! w1 X+ K
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 Z7 n# O  X& t( C3 f5 H* R0 h
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ e3 m3 u6 Y% v9 z* P: E
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( k  _4 v) {: \' H+ H7 Q/ ?+ J/ U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& r1 c0 _# h# P: V, I% {+ z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 m& y5 b3 M: @3 C6 ?4 v$ Y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" F- D+ D6 q5 N+ ~/ L& y2 f0 o) {" `
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  a# c$ C, A$ C) ]7 s! l
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- V: P* Q0 m7 |, J% F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 ]2 X3 _9 m% v+ d) a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( ?! Z  `5 n. T6 j0 y  Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 f# X* j4 L5 ^( G
540
+ m3 V; ~) O7 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% ?$ ^$ p# _; q; O$ D. \7 p( |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; H5 [( C$ }) G; k$ c: B  F$ a
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' D5 U% T+ j; g5 }9 w: n8 r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. l) g6 a( b7 `6 ?3 ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% B  g/ n3 W7 ~  Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ b; ]3 A- ]2 j0 xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ `* ]# d  I1 q2 F4 B: s6 wbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- v+ U+ G+ {9 @. Kof papilledema.
% g. O+ M3 ^2 P) Q/ [$ s: aLaboratory Evaluation
7 [" J  s" C% q$ U6 P* M# WThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by: R4 I5 S$ L* x  x$ B# s4 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& g, A: \" e: K/ j, a( p
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- j) C$ i" ~$ m- [7 T1 @" L
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ g0 a$ X' u$ o: h+ l
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# `6 f2 q1 c. _' ]3 A3 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* h9 K0 [  P/ Y3 f8 z" f& oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% U' G3 h& Y) |4 g( G0 c, l( t8 wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 K9 ?0 B) G& j/ ~' j, \5 j
within normal range for his age. The concentration* f5 @# a8 B& m
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 o* {, p5 ^$ N7 y, d8 _! f# [2 a' Z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' Z/ P7 [. E/ x& K2 O2 j
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 L! v1 b, k6 _1 `5 J$ _terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- S' S2 W9 d8 [, ?6 O3 T" y* K; \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 R4 J' y+ @1 V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). M. o$ W3 b! n" w8 W- b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 j& x0 L; N( @+ h$ W
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 f% T5 g/ D- N2 {1 l' Q! s* o  p$ htestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 l! k2 i" w  z% Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  D( h2 T2 n$ }/ i
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 l7 I7 O$ a  X" }: E4 ~) a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 ]! D1 ?  {3 n4 P& x. jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! B- |! q6 U) Q, o+ _4 r(prepubertal).
+ @* M3 B5 ]1 G  \" FThe parents were notified about the laboratory& T3 G5 Y$ |4 x4 f5 ], e3 U
results and were informed that all of the tests were1 C7 b6 [: y8 ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ W: |- G  G& l3 [  Kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 K, J; h6 {9 x
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: ^- a1 W) g- n7 N* _. z# c
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% T8 [) w2 ^* s3 n, g; n+ u( {- E! ^Physical examination at this time revealed that the, h# _5 Z( k5 L: M" u4 o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 B) w0 B# M/ F* m
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  F9 W; h# _. sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ f7 w0 z' t- H/ [; b( D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ x. F: v' D4 z) m% g' K* r: _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ {3 S% U3 S9 [/ l8 E- ]
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ V7 G+ ?7 i8 E' k5 v7 j0 QThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. ~7 p8 Y4 s% T# e4 Y8 @2 R, king frequent erections.4 J) ^4 a) x0 ~( ], o- U
Both parents were again questioned about use of. @, I4 s  |$ I0 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) z; e6 g: o9 z6 ~8 I% D6 a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" A6 q  k9 c7 c
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. J6 w+ ?! Y' `9 o& A. Cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
" Q* n. t6 y* e+ B; C" g* E* Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 Q1 u* V) {. p, ~
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 m3 a7 P6 g( S4 v8 X9 ?9 ?2 b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ `3 T) b: Z" k2 g9 _3 l1 `/ y5 e
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; C) O& g1 B" v$ csecondary to depression.1 f7 {! T+ V0 i  Q1 c
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 D' Y) n; x; H+ r1 `- H! R0 ~
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. M# o' x6 N, x- a) D1 Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ [) v: e6 ?8 Q5 h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' M  U# Z. N; x+ w' T1 CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% C% q" j) a7 M- j( X! s5 C$ F
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 I7 r4 h  r" d. I' ?  Hwas high, he then read the product information: \) j; M8 r2 k; a0 d+ I
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. l6 S* r0 G/ g' q8 V( Ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( P" a2 Y+ |) x% q. D( [# Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* w0 Q  m# I" q8 l1 c; g
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- p. W0 a) R3 p9 |1 b) r' ~
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  p+ m# p/ l* ?* |5 U  i
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 V+ C) H3 m) Y
laboratory to obtain the test.1 B' r9 H/ t& C1 p3 o7 n
Discussion
# x0 W, C! j' L1 v$ G1 X  mPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! w4 @0 M0 r% {9 V7 v7 _  usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% L" n/ {& `8 P# G9 K$ O# }Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# j$ i2 z/ N/ dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 a' Y7 H% g4 Y% j: I0 T5 Q: L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% q. }, X5 u! amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) L: L7 ?2 @, {. V; t# Dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
! y) V' j* W0 {. {responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" U  ^6 Y# F; U+ H) l6 A' Q: Oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% P" }# Q7 ?; ^  b0 Q7 l1 |
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 l& o  {1 r+ r8 n: E9 B+ K: hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. O/ I" ]: V! }1 P+ N: |ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-% Q! @  }& q- v9 o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: ~# J: {! O* b: ]& u
gonadotropins.1,3- W+ U& u, q* C0 B* P, L
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: G( Z/ ?8 z1 o6 S! a$ z% X0 z1 D
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! d1 n. o0 x; D5 T6 d: n
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 |7 O" J6 D% @0 ]' fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 E4 @$ v! {% u% B! y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* v! b+ c  i/ _  bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 O4 \: j' d. u: L) H: ]: ^; r
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" z+ x3 G" ?' t) }
puberty in boys.3,4
9 f4 i. s/ n! |" r1 I( m! gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ o9 o9 ~" j  t' r) H0 A; Xhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ Z; F! Q* j, _& P/ j
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 x: d, i8 {# n  U% e0 s% x+ O; B. ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, ?- i1 W/ |7 J+ V- San adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* S! W7 {8 u) @" A- J6 yexcess.1,30 @3 X( B' M3 J: a1 `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. c. A5 U; k4 r4 T* i542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" Y9 ?" D, P$ Z8 C6 r6 rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; m/ l1 e: \+ Z8 v6 e! c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 A( M, ]: ]' Z
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 F+ h2 L  q: n+ H3 N. Jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys# Y# T: d9 w& E+ e& l# Y
with this disorder are full pubertal development," s, S/ E9 {( L! W; R& v2 g
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 Z7 p3 s% c' A8 l
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: j$ |; |% K  o+ K7 \3 Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 h# D+ c0 D4 V8 ^- z) N# I
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  U$ r1 {4 @( C! S  qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 h- m3 ?, W" g. E8 ]autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ \" H: }( [, i2 c# Z+ [9 b% M/ fmales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 t7 J+ U$ w7 J8 S% V' Nmay have similar precocious puberty.3: {" X: t, X& o: _9 r. m! Q
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" d9 w' g/ _3 g3 v/ O& b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: H5 Y/ a, P' U, L6 Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: k9 @3 V( Z0 A/ i, s  O1 l* h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" ^: A2 ]6 H  x+ _, kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  d/ C" R( I8 ]9 J6 p% ]6 Ytesticular enlargement is not that evident in the) G5 p# l4 O! U. |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) F. \2 Q0 M4 A4 D$ ^
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ H0 p7 d% e6 L' q  q8 ?biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% @6 h0 w1 L/ A9 L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( Y1 H% F7 \: _4 O9 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% ]* o. j! s* M. r9 m- p/ W
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- I8 _1 {2 ?7 x' x* w! g$ g0 K" U/ n" pThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& g  [8 T$ R1 h% `& n, k; v9 a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 k7 _7 @) u% B% H6 s* W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; y1 G0 H2 u. O; Q6 ^6 Z. r4 E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 W' |- s1 E& y' h0 Vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ \6 [4 K2 b; zterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 c+ H4 {3 x# n  B3 W) ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ Z! D8 f+ \9 d3 |Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
4 l" l1 ^0 J8 icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( v8 a+ H( j/ `, T+ V/ O3 `5 J( B
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 Z4 `* b3 X$ m& J* lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ t2 O4 E1 T( `2 Y! Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
' O8 W7 A7 H, T' a( p+ ]- ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; S! A1 [% a' i6 `$ Q' apartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) A# h2 E& E4 q- V1 q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) ]* T- {  g# C; f! M' }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# N5 S. n( P6 V& B
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# D* \  c  G9 u6 x0 [* edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" j) _9 }' |- a3 i7 E$ W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* Q0 z" i  v% @3 I  b  bactive in young children exposed to testosterone
( u- E) r9 l0 j4 @& ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-" g/ f7 i5 K1 Y$ v* P. q9 v
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  u3 S& A1 J: H
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ L, @  q8 d) G% T* f4 I' v
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
) W3 a8 ]! Q( H! R) ^9 L$ T, Q6 Ladvanced bone age, as seen in our patient." D6 J2 T6 \. r
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ v' Z- ^9 ^% Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final( `* i, }& W; {# M7 I, C5 W
adult height are not fully known and always remain, t5 j. z( u/ @% r/ B( B' y9 F
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 R- Z' d' a* P* t; o0 S5 [terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ X3 }( c/ N7 c$ L8 S! Tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ k) ~# y9 H1 Z/ C2 b" E0 F5 i* u. v
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ U: t' `2 p% M3 V' z! \
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& ]1 i: a& l: i* \) p
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ I5 R2 [, a9 Z; S- L$ ^
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& o0 i! ~  n( b2 N
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ P8 E9 s) W* a; Yadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 p( g6 X, E. r2 fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,# _- ~9 ^3 f& S' e% t- b
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( i5 H2 m' U( k: W) m2 ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( ^4 ?2 m0 R4 s( `7 Y! `' Y: q2 K6 n2 apenile length in clinical studies.
6 H. j& i1 l' t! v2 T+ cNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 U' ]& ^% L  [, D* O* i/ hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
* z% ^3 t  G2 t7 t. c' w5 G$ rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* j: p9 H# G5 h! S- c- h* `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; ^# o5 f2 H  v4 w* E7 B8 ^8 ^& EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of& a# s# Q& W  i6 L$ b; Y, `
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ c( c! W" D2 f. ^7 a( Y7 X
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 ^1 o0 i1 Y+ Y/ f
height will not be affected.
0 t4 z% U- {$ C% F: QAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 z& G( e9 e- Xability of androgen products in our society may
3 h4 E4 V/ W1 x4 k; X1 jindeed cause more virilization in male or female4 ~. p8 _$ i/ `( T& }, q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# q! ^5 G( V! v  o
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) `/ ^  W1 Z1 H7 G& r- K2 _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; Z& P0 k1 K# J2 e: Y3 |# n. ^
gel should be asked of the family members during# L( H0 ^) ]$ e& Q6 R8 d) T1 E: e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* d7 i9 o0 j8 ^, p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- P/ T* s: ~/ R! s/ N6 F+ `- l1 V/ L& g( Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. R: E3 y# w& Yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 N5 T2 V' Z1 F! C3 b
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! }' p/ k- T* d: X! F$ o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 z! }7 V0 [2 Q8 g% ?- e6 k: Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
3 ?) U& h  I. H& g% T9 i7 |aware of this fact, because most of these children
' e/ P6 C5 j9 d1 i/ ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ Q4 P8 ^7 e0 z% t$ dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 y9 }  }6 S, U1 _% C$ F  x  S
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or: F3 h4 J2 v" r5 y+ j" K% x7 B
female child who might come in contact with some-, w. `7 ?, B4 l& i% l- \+ {
one using any of these products.: e, F* ?- A" e. N0 S
References
) Q  `4 @  o  H) q! O% ]0 c1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! x9 O; R( t% B8 ?, `and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 z" W- v% U+ m! u! K: qEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! P0 l- z( L& N; {5 b
2002: 565-628.% n5 l, R0 t" y3 ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ X* u" Z. P, |3 b6 ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ @1 S$ h. z/ {# @- \5 C" i2 ]Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
9 ]; w1 V  x& ~% ~# W. PExposure to Testosterone: w5 D1 |! ~8 X9 H+ J/ }
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 P/ q% J1 h% Y; V& r5 F" t1 d6 |and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 H$ j  Z8 P5 v, VClinical Pediatrics
' }) y- E+ S' p9 M! M# `7 d1 _Volume 46 Number 6! V% ]+ J( k* y1 H; h3 E
July 2007 540-543! h& K/ ^% f' J! e
© 2007 Sage Publications
2 v. N6 w: G. S; ]5 B  z) T10.1177/0009922806296651
7 ~+ I- Q5 ]3 q5 u* thttp://clp.sagepub.com$ `2 n& z6 b  x5 g
hosted at
+ T0 E4 A& O7 A* y- C% O5 A3 Ehttp://online.sagepub.com% u3 f9 q6 A9 M  [" s$ {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 z9 y: u3 }) F5 ]6 ^( Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; ?5 v: t0 C" W% i3 Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' ^4 Z; Q- X) n# m/ o/ Hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" Z( T) j/ u& L! F6 Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system, [7 s1 j2 ^9 W9 d4 I+ F% l: N1 R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( Q5 n9 Q' {5 e7 vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& ]/ C  u: p- xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 [; q" i0 a* |
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) I7 d# ~5 z' ~3 V! N* p8 ]6 r
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ ?0 O. I# \% w6 G, L+ |. L6 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ X+ l+ m" Z1 j  K& Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due5 h( E9 F  S8 U7 \
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* V: H* U2 b( V4 b0 T" W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# N% t1 v% E! jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ ?' `/ e5 R( s6 V8 Ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 U5 J; {5 A. m4 w% q, V/ I% C' l3 Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; }  t' t: c9 w2 y0 C
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 G5 v+ l$ w! ^9 U, F" @* }
literature.4
* x" D! `3 r) s; E. p3 nPatient Report
1 z  T& ~7 B0 U! l' P( lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' P% e$ ~* a3 R; j  n) Oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  F" f& S" ~1 [; R5 m: z. Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed. @+ r5 E( q* e& B/ k
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 U, W0 N1 C# f' s% ~/ m5 |From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 Q  n5 u5 z& a* v6 s' F) f% pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( I) l9 ^( p7 _1 `7 l& X8 {! Q
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 u8 {$ t$ n" v, MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! C8 v2 a: N8 z" W: D) a
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* z6 Y, w; b3 j! N, j) ^
e-mail: [email protected].: A! j6 ]6 u& ]9 v  a" @2 O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 `8 m1 s  ?2 e# i( pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ {2 W% @4 W9 c& Lment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  F( C* o: O  t0 ^was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 \5 D. f# g: m2 u. f
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) _+ ^8 C- s, L: E5 E; L20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 y; t5 t* D0 [7 n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 J+ p( L( l# d9 u4 `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* x* H6 n- {  S0 p! b- F. k" b  iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# d0 f! ^! C3 L6 _8 Y0 w0 _; L
was age appropriate.
% b; ~0 U3 V, @- B2 g" c0 I3 GThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 e5 H. m# e& q& T& U
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' O% c3 I" Y  `; x& \which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ {6 O, a- R# ^: P& C4 I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ F( h$ _5 c9 t. z; G/ l' T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( |$ @( k2 ^2 ^0 R
The father denied taking any other medication. The5 A" U# C# o8 @3 {7 E
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 G7 O# e1 R. ], v, Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; X* f, B- q; a* K" g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 _: Y8 M& ^6 a! M, }% K8 U4 ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 p1 e; b: E  e5 Q' I" B
tives. There were no siblings.2 Z( z4 m% T$ {6 c$ Z0 H+ F) n$ w
Physical Examination
3 `/ ^( v- W0 @* ?& kThe physical examination revealed a very active,
9 d% P8 {" f3 H. N4 m4 kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, [" H& `8 a$ o' a( L  X, W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; J# \# e& D! a: r' |90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! X5 X4 t& f; J* \' E9 v(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. ]% {8 U1 R, k6 I5 y5 |6 w9 Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! G' a/ D6 K& r, w6 V$ l
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ @9 A1 w, W- `The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, g8 X2 ]( O+ p0 ^enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 x3 T+ B2 }, Y( q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! o1 e6 z- n+ q% p3 B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ X* T. h" b, T4 e- ^
540! a% u# z5 ^+ c+ N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 v" H% h" N# S5 Sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, a: m# q* {, _
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 U5 Q  Z* w# o( g: l+ J
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 s, a& i8 q4 N" q# q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! \! l  s4 K! X5 ^; y5 q! D9 q5 O/ I
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* x0 r2 [3 j# W: `$ y1 s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 i4 G! L( ?! d+ X- `
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 J% g7 S) i" `, v
of papilledema.. Y. }8 f, F4 p- p
Laboratory Evaluation/ B  v& u$ Q4 ?4 C. z& X
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 [8 ?$ e0 M  k
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" B: P: M! |* o$ g$ }) K  k# a
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
8 Q' }# T  D, T, G+ nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ H- H4 t7 [* @6 s! f3 S$ {( }% _, n
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! [; Q- X# a. x2 r3 s; u8 rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 k+ Y* r+ C% f) }The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' `4 v" O# Y6 s4 J% ^
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% Q% q4 I8 ~8 P% Wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration  L' q3 V6 B% t$ z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! D" v1 h2 R3 C" D+ X$ s
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" G0 z/ L7 Q  R4 n
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 S" s4 {. n9 S! _% h8 P4 N
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# U: U$ M; l6 v" C4 c' |1 C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  B; h7 `9 o# h! G49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 t2 f( ]9 e) K  w) Swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 A1 |' ]5 D: g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ p+ I: C6 N. J5 g# L& a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 a) u- E, }2 g( u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( ]9 o) o5 G+ H! q0 E( g' n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% p( B1 \" \. f' u3 H  d5 ]: Pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 m2 W3 ]1 B/ I8 [. U0 i! Y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' O; a, Q9 _1 S(prepubertal).
/ C% y& x( E- C0 N4 ~" q7 mThe parents were notified about the laboratory9 V+ m: L2 C" |$ G
results and were informed that all of the tests were* g: Z* R8 D/ I, M" _2 _3 @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ s' Q" l, m2 o" x6 F
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 X- S2 ~" u1 d' N
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 \$ r3 V9 r7 p$ u. ~5 y+ H
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% M: ~3 H, C. j( t7 r* }8 k8 {Physical examination at this time revealed that the
; ^7 Q- X. W; P3 S6 X2 D; H) P2 Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* A$ E& ~" A  O1 A) a+ O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
8 K* _4 w- i3 f) c4 i& Yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) |- _& @4 K5 r& `
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 S. M6 w; y5 U- s& F
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* }3 x" M& D2 \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: ?' w6 h3 R; z- Q" n: b  O* w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 ]3 T6 t; S5 T1 [7 m' V/ ning frequent erections.
. \, d: G1 p, _# \3 P; J7 s5 WBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ `0 X' ]) P& o$ v7 D
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& |: n# Y6 [; b0 z" |( V9 r
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; V% H3 l1 ~; F0 q0 OTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 @) s- q" q0 e. _: U' T' _
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! R& g6 B6 y% u! g( [. Z+ }ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ O+ ~/ S, S4 w) f0 Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  P$ A  N1 Q% a6 Z: ~
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' m" D- K; z) y3 P
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! L- m, H) `; Z- b8 Wsecondary to depression.
$ `+ \* C, Z6 m3 ~, R  H& b& @The child slept in the same bed with parents.6 V* E) G: J, r1 l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 s7 I8 T5 U  R3 ~
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 n$ L) ], Q7 O9 f
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: T, w& q( B: ?8 e
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ n' {# a( J! H$ xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby  a* v3 z! k6 L9 r
was high, he then read the product information
) E2 V5 f8 ]7 Z0 Fpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- T% {! Z- o& b$ gson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  n' R" w9 Q. jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 y  A) ^2 V1 Y/ O6 C, _) qfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 e( ]# p! O8 V) p  c  C2 f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% z0 N' Y4 A$ ^" O& n9 s! W' ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ r, P0 L9 i3 s0 Plaboratory to obtain the test.1 g/ L1 [  o/ L3 X5 h5 p! ^
Discussion- I4 B8 A+ K* Q4 ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, k- o7 ?$ _: B3 L9 z" q5 O
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, [8 ?- S5 s- d7 Q5 T8 n- c6 \Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 `- |& g# n0 g+ E3 P. sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# |* n) H8 Z9 `7 Jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  l7 ~* h9 i/ z! m" K! H; |0 n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 @5 Y" i6 z9 u7 C
may have a central nervous system lesion that is& \; N" z  \; p; L; R$ n  V' r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 u6 {% T6 s0 _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: ^: l; H2 Y0 v! ]9 f7 w! [
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# d- i& b( m! Z' y* @$ Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 J/ f0 f. R) x# p6 [+ v$ I3 Hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 m" ^4 j& _$ O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" k1 B) x, E4 q# u; k
gonadotropins.1,3# A: E. m/ ?( c% o8 `6 g# |1 X
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) _! ?, F* f) B$ b% [cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 L+ S1 }$ C$ p8 @androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( J% s5 d2 X: K9 ~
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: C4 _& e: W" Q" e- hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ V, |# j! y% V+ g3 I* \" econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- \0 e: T% A/ ^" c4 O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. u2 ~- r$ y, U/ m, Kpuberty in boys.3,41 S0 E7 ]5 I8 V( @
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 v- d8 ~) }/ p3 L& Z  J: q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) `, `7 h) U" z# d5 DThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 o* E$ m. Q8 g# Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% h' O- [" y$ f& G, w3 S' Qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! V3 g- \; f$ n7 p
excess.1,34 J, h4 S3 M9 {4 X  p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- H  B4 Z7 w5 G% P0 \  _
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( x* P; P- K0 S2 B$ P0 WA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' [" e8 L9 x& ^9 H5 i) v1 f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 U+ _$ V: G% q8 m3 E, y
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% k5 f* |) H* ~2 }8 g; o; \very young age. The physical findings in these boys: X! d# W6 z; a, ^3 f  U; V/ X5 h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,( a' \3 t; q. D4 H  V% Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: W9 x1 V7 A& c1 uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 t# S) z+ I5 O0 F7 w7 {are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 x* o  Z( ^6 l  gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 E) i$ i/ C$ p8 b! u9 c3 N/ y5 ?+ k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& A) h+ `' W4 x' v1 i2 cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( j1 l1 L- v; p5 y8 l) |9 u+ d9 nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
, q0 A2 q7 D* W$ P) V7 Fmay have similar precocious puberty.3# i4 \# E. o5 G+ k, I2 `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 k' r/ E! n4 u$ F- w* s6 @' isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' `# b0 t$ F4 B: p; o: Ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' T" m3 K$ y: y: E4 lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father+ q! K& l- M; ?. d& Y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 c" s; H4 G9 [/ o
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 I5 F2 T- Q# N4 R$ D% Abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( e6 B* u! H6 I/ W' a5 N5 e, y1 lative initial history of androgen exposure, our# y$ S9 c5 ~) |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 S+ M6 N+ M$ ]; a6 t- Qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 a# {' ]& m. c  Q! l/ `8 p* [: ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 `+ S3 B/ Z- d- I* Q& V
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 t1 n" S0 t4 g# M" XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( h; h7 q$ d; U. m8 d7 O3 nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; m: }$ ^+ q' c; R/ M& zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* \3 }/ ?5 k$ mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 h% {+ ^* J+ f( }, I4 c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! Z( j& y: N& h) D& W3 ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% }" R# s' U% L( b2 j( @, S2 Busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 I1 Z* h) A6 a& I$ a
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ e5 K- C3 J( u; |% s% E, P; W
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% y3 }9 Y) e- {8 e$ i+ V% z1 l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- e. e( Q- z! q1 X7 T9 a
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" t/ Q' D. U- K7 @$ o) Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to& t" |/ M3 ~9 x' I
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 V. U. Y7 l( d! U7 n( m$ ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: J* }# l, m& o, ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ Q) c" L. U9 c4 F5 K& c, d9 q- Q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( B$ C4 u+ g8 o; [1 A/ Jwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ e: o7 V3 \0 y" e6 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* n; I. m/ |, A% g' ]. I7 _* p' e
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# D" w6 G% x, v+ r
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 L! ?+ |$ N( ]7 i4 Jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  j- W5 r& p, l% D+ a; d" B0 z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 ^9 T7 M; p: r: d" L* x% cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ n* J+ r; w- D8 H; Y9 n/ o$ R1 U% N) echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and( V) @6 \, I- X5 t1 i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 P2 v& U9 z  KThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; v7 X. L* N4 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final7 b" g3 V3 s# O8 H  X) q. F( ^
adult height are not fully known and always remain
5 p: {$ D7 P4 n5 j' A7 ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 J- j' m' q% s$ M+ n
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 l; j+ r' O' h/ nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. A" z% v% E* F; F% jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 {% f! p. m$ v  b) T0 Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 D% A! w8 [$ {0 q  T' V. VThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 T* G. @3 _1 M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 ~& K6 M  \' ^7 y/ n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' B9 K4 q8 ?5 k  K+ K
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  y4 k$ y, v. |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ Z5 i7 Z$ J4 u# M3 ^* D+ L8 V2 MSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 B! U6 y# h7 h& ~) a% Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ T' B! f; Q( V. o" ]; C2 z
penile length in clinical studies.8 Q5 K1 |4 n9 o+ J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ Z- H# ^- P; ?4 t( W9 V7 Egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 h7 a0 z: M& m7 [. e, r/ wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! Q$ c# Y0 S# Z. u3 g$ z6 j. i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ G' a! ?5 c8 [' g6 O( eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ d! R' W" b# r1 H  Pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" [* S( P4 a5 Ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 Q) h. H) [; w2 p1 v- ]+ pheight will not be affected.6 X; z3 J7 X+ F) c& D! v
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' s: p& T, o, g# G! l, M, _ability of androgen products in our society may
+ E3 T. g7 J! ~) _- W7 f' Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female5 L5 T. e, O0 L
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% H( o2 |% v8 l: m2 {* ?gen products must be considered and specific ques-& \, d( J  ]8 K7 ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 P1 ^9 ?2 t9 |  A
gel should be asked of the family members during7 v& i9 t. w5 A, ~1 \
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- [& ~; [! b  L. D3 Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% O8 C0 p9 \9 Onosis can be established by just a few tests and by! }* e6 W; d) p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  D) c8 E1 G1 l. A' d/ `1 \
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 W) |. F5 t  T! Q& E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 C# h6 [* M1 O! [" S* Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be0 `  w+ z( g4 P& W4 E' i+ J
aware of this fact, because most of these children6 P9 ~* a3 G3 M' T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ `+ n) j& l  }( ~, S* E+ f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ _2 C: s  h: \  U; F9 z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 x% s) ~2 U/ J, n# c; S. n$ T3 ^2 Hfemale child who might come in contact with some-6 p2 J0 K' {& p8 E
one using any of these products.
$ l$ k! x7 `- q2 I  N( ZReferences, a4 J7 Q- _4 P" i" W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 z% q: K, D. J% c! X3 jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 J4 M; c5 S# bEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% U$ K  H) Q- C0 w; e1 H! B. ?6 b3 a% S$ \2002: 565-628./ v' p6 d- L: B- |. R
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( K( T+ A! ~% p8 b
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
$ `, C1 N3 s  [' E( m
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表