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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
: C/ u; _+ Q$ N  }* V% N8 Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 P& N) X% q& [  @
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 i4 W1 u. |2 j: G6 `a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 X2 v% g2 ?+ B* P  Klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! j; y" c, j/ f6 _/ Yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
( z1 A' p; a% c, C) F/ Mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 R& H$ e( n2 g4 Icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* j7 W) C7 }3 d
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 K( d9 c8 x3 ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: x; Z) w  p5 S9 W. }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ O- b( h$ ^) G- _1 g
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# f3 d" [/ a6 u/ Z3 C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' a1 ^! t0 X* lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. Y% L5 H5 `/ l) d/ A! C0 W5 h* ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: ]! m  J+ W+ ]7 q( n" D$ C/ w( Ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* V: j  j2 y0 S8 G! hbly more common than the rare case report in the4 {" e- Y) Z/ ?7 B8 I( U! t; J
literature.4: o+ \. c8 h* }
Patient Report
+ z# v& _7 m" e: {* [8 ^+ mA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 W. x% p6 ^* P# n& L7 u" kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' _: a" t$ y! h$ f; w3 K+ f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 e6 F2 w% H3 E' j6 F. s+ y, klight colored pubic hair development when he was
& ]8 R& G0 @7 i& n& KFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ U. d5 W' D# C5 P, X" q3 q% b) [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.! S/ v. {. O3 W. b6 A5 Y7 F& s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% O" x3 ]% Y8 H. S6 }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ |  D! p* v/ a% h, ~1 [, u$ V- yMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ L' U7 r) ^: de-mail: [email protected].
, d0 z, b+ ~( d' c" |2 V  sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 ~0 ?6 d/ r0 W$ {/ c" C8 I2 Udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 S) ~+ r5 ^1 I. w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( ~: G2 D& k! }7 K6 e# i  m' m) Y+ Hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" ^! B# X6 e( p- n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# c( p' Q$ N9 s5 B1 l8 h20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 S) X& V" M: b( _& iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 ?2 g- b8 B& b& P9 |( r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% l" M  n& ]- |4 nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 H0 p3 {0 m2 `; f: v. J
was age appropriate.8 ^9 [% K+ ?1 W0 h
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 Y7 d" x4 \$ [  Y4 R6 @% N4 W3 W& ^% rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 J8 m* X0 U& m4 Y$ G2 k) \7 z% H# Gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. E6 A: Z$ w2 w
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 j8 x( D8 p# N8 _1 |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 ~* u  ?- {: g. d9 ]+ dThe father denied taking any other medication. The
1 k1 j# L6 F2 Z+ s0 ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 m& x' k  [( P: {2 y0 ~9 \was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 ]) u& [* v" b, q  A# H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 X% S$ c. p/ _2 s( U. H1 |. ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; w7 u8 m$ |2 a" D. `4 s% \* l
tives. There were no siblings.
/ Z2 O3 d7 n  ?* g; yPhysical Examination
4 _) u( z: e+ ?$ a8 |& c# \The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 k+ l. s6 ]& A: B) O( Eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ t9 Y+ f% w6 ]( E
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# T  a! k% t$ N% A# A+ T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 i  B  x: A9 y: E(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 k5 ^1 U+ R2 Q. G+ c# @9 Qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# e2 R1 u; X* Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# _2 ]3 H/ ~& E  E1 @+ H- I# aThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for, f) x9 e: Z4 h& f  _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* _" F2 |, l6 ~# I6 |" ]3 c
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
5 W7 @) W0 t* N( t  ]9 }1 R( U/ B" Mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ p  M& M! W3 {3 _. C- m: K8 G3 m540: n/ G  A7 J: t0 ?) K' ?) ~) n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 d6 X; n4 b5 u3 x
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ k  R" P5 x3 M7 O% a2 Q0 b, h& o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.0 t  A0 Y. \  ]/ v, U- @- `
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' h' `9 u, {9 ^' E" j5 boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 L% Z; o7 u( M; `abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 T, N+ m  k0 e. W" Z! ~. d4 f1 q4 ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) N! b9 Q/ s* t& [. ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 r* }; ~7 D/ L/ L7 _
of papilledema.% e$ _2 Z5 p3 |- r6 H/ Z+ P) g
Laboratory Evaluation0 D9 i, B# n) U/ w3 s( W) v
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, X- u/ D2 ^5 \# a0 u, a# dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% R7 t4 V# c" Z; m  U9 T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 a' r4 `  @. u5 ], q, X+ H1 ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: Q- M1 \6 Y) {+ E' d& x8 }" Zshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 S4 H1 K2 \# n! [( K8 T& N! X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( A4 D+ z0 v  K" T. qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ ^! w: A; ^6 {! B8 E8 G& G! Vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) v' x9 S( X) U+ h" h- ?& p+ e3 P% T
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 C: [" B+ G& a7 K7 o6 Y2 v- e
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 C6 ?5 j0 z4 _
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: g$ u, J5 a8 F. y9 V) o7 yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 T% e! I5 w, M. h
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! p; H" p$ y, B! E, ^7 {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ i: F2 J( M" d+ c8 R49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  a5 w4 }  s% Q* \/ G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* U: B/ Q! w% v( Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 [& T5 n7 W% U! Q# V0 |
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* I& h3 T( D& m1 e9 }4 ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 {' u' B) T- L* D6 Q6 Z1 C5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ q4 `, o$ P9 [# fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ ]0 z( b/ m  `2 i# n" t( r) F
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; [5 N3 e# X% C! @/ N(prepubertal).
- H- X" s( Q3 Q6 U, VThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ @0 n% C7 Y5 U" W2 R$ [- v4 Zresults and were informed that all of the tests were3 \/ A6 ]' \3 `7 ^* |
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ ^/ h4 @; J3 Bfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ X- k0 U) i$ |2 g1 N' |# d1 z# P7 J
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! V5 s3 w  ]6 @, o! H
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 t# x, @% i/ \" P5 a" E. zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
- X: R7 k" w1 Z! P& Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' s3 P) q4 w* J* _. z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; T; M2 v' U0 B1 |5 G' ^
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" B& J' ^7 a3 P2 n" ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 c$ d: f9 ]7 Z8 J8 a8 `
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
' u3 b# I) }8 J! v6 M2 BmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; y: C: S! A7 T: \9 rThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 G& ~1 O* F5 r1 C; F
ing frequent erections.+ B6 M( @+ u$ s. N5 J8 x
Both parents were again questioned about use of
" g1 A8 f9 h1 h9 F$ iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 d8 Y) v$ z# R4 o; z5 a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 D& H4 v1 q7 h/ k5 ~Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( [* X* h* M) Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  s' `7 x- S7 d" O# wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  }/ c' k1 a; _6 b* L+ Y6 \4 ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, i# L1 Z4 o. N. d
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 Y2 \: k" g  @. K3 w4 }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido" q9 n6 V& M9 ]& m# A% J4 p
secondary to depression.* ?6 S1 S3 j; ~4 K
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# G$ j' P  i" E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% |3 \# t7 N8 ]7 ^3 @4 B" K/ J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 Y1 {2 p4 c4 |# }
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 q' x* ^. C  B* @' M0 g- kThe father also admitted that after the phone call,8 f4 b$ L( ]- B4 h. ?/ I; x
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  ~/ @" V# ~0 t4 P$ Y- \5 F
was high, he then read the product information) p2 r2 O- M: ~+ y( D4 m) c. j
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% }8 F" }: Y4 u" v( L- U5 r
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' }, \5 o' M6 Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- s% s& g% ]2 x5 xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had; [) p2 J% k  |) S! v" @
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone+ w) B  j, x: w! I) v
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 \. ?7 Y5 K3 w6 A2 w+ W- rlaboratory to obtain the test.9 n5 H7 Z9 h! _
Discussion
7 \2 h/ Q$ T' W7 O( |' R3 ]Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- [: X- _# U2 b% a# n# l
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 `3 s% [) P: p$ s$ y* u- J) ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, C+ _9 V" l/ e+ [0 z% A" K3 f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; J# a+ @5 Q$ d- Lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( i" u" h# O. lmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' ~1 B3 |! @# Y& P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 N( b3 a" R! N8 `& e+ t  j7 M' }responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& I0 C$ Z+ b7 N' R5 u4 a, \) x% Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: J) {* A) T# b. F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 f7 ]7 [( ~4 o9 eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 j( U8 h) W; f7 s& Y8 g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: z! Y. q; Y1 U: t9 }
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) ^2 Q! u- a8 T  x: p# |gonadotropins.1,3
4 E: S7 m1 {8 ~. KGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 A+ P: g8 h. P( k5 ~$ i3 Wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) r; N; z& m" A% m2 oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, z5 e+ Y  J& q6 b4 F  X2 fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( L5 B: O" W9 S
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 F2 m& z( f7 \' c# zcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 n+ n% ]9 @# t: F- ?. }adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) x0 a0 i7 j8 @, B9 S
puberty in boys.3,4
: Z& ?2 i0 U3 s% C' k3 R9 KThe most common form of congenital adrenal
5 P' Y% X) u) i. d& {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.; h5 W: n% ]/ A0 b# ~2 d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 w* t7 T1 z) D, {: Q$ [, hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 r9 w' \/ r' j! I- o) d# Wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, L9 _, g0 z1 f
excess.1,3$ Z5 W1 Z! a6 L5 p9 F" {( o4 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" ^' R2 j$ G% R4 R+ A# U, u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 m7 E; J8 e" |. X8 S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 l3 Q/ K' W' g1 n; n
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 m( B) h/ l$ L( M0 \. J; pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: J8 d5 r/ w% c- R! s( T7 g' ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) F7 F1 W( u9 Z. i+ S6 kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, s$ a; q" E+ r$ B* d9 b" R& Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! B/ w% y& i  S% e% C. h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) P  _3 L/ Y, ?. N, M$ U% rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 a0 D& G6 A$ f, N
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* X! \7 {/ m& F3 Nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 W$ @8 \) A8 n: I- \$ f. y4 {) Dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only) u6 u8 b/ s" A0 ?5 ^
males; therefore, other male members of the family
; ^. Y5 y2 N" [: N' A, xmay have similar precocious puberty.3
- G0 @2 G" i' l# j, V8 PIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 p3 [1 Q& p& n: d% O" F, l/ q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-4 U# b) d& l% H, O5 s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ Q7 C. y4 o9 g: f8 Ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ e* V# L$ d$ I6 w+ e, f! r6 p! I, ^" bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 ^8 \' @# y: F  ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) T! \" U) m: I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, E: _2 J. J' r: G. r( D% b4 tative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# w: Z9 N- P2 z+ ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 C, Z5 D5 Y+ _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; u* }4 S. r3 a/ w& L& H
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* j2 Q4 q; @. c' j
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" \+ o. P( }5 y) h: U9 g1 N/ G& _The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  x  l% `: H. l7 n% W8 `+ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, e8 }" _" o- z% O+ w
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. ~) b5 L; S' q' A5 Xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ s+ O0 @5 R% m& _3 d3 X+ ~
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! D! x; ~& a% A) b* `. Aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 T4 d  Z, C# M7 @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- o. x0 X+ f- V; k( RDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# Q0 R# C+ l! s% C: r! \7 d# p" X2 A7 Ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" j2 a% @3 O3 g/ k( g
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( P2 y* v1 R  \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! Q) ~; p4 c# l" f' F1 {) b* }baseline value in those females who were exposed to0 t/ X' F6 K# R/ a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 Q1 J% X. f: O- Y& @6 w1 L0 P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- b" G! B/ I1 h" Q# J: U) }1 F
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, i3 I/ h0 G( v8 ]$ KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ M2 b3 r" l$ s$ D4 N+ ?% e8 Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! J3 _+ j& A" F2 ?( m; kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  C' v3 j7 i# K9 V, H  N( F
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 a# x% N9 n5 A- H% Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
" v9 z, k7 E5 aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 v( y, y- O5 m9 w9 Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 D0 ]3 R  @3 B8 A- s  |# Q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 P1 R: \7 ^% G/ f$ @children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 W1 f! m- I  C$ p$ _
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& Y0 G, j( A% i+ x
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
, N; p5 u  K3 o( jearly childhood on pubertal development and final6 Q! K  Y2 Z2 Z  F, z- h& o
adult height are not fully known and always remain; \' b- |' H* J4 U) G# b. R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; `5 p! d' S. u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 T! T. b7 g+ v3 e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" P9 Z( P+ L% `" f  hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) E$ u* f, ~) }$ Y9 d
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# [' W. c* H0 F$ Z% V" P9 XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  V, y# H* E: Q" Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 p3 M4 e8 h6 T* K& u8 q: G2 v3 C
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 a7 `$ W: q, M
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 a, \& u/ a5 P8 Y5 \$ F/ I! x
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" E( Z2 Q" a* d$ NSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  G# F. Y4 [( i0 ^  F5 o0 @  F) j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 C4 Z" f# ]9 M# h, c, ^
penile length in clinical studies.4 S7 v7 N& j; F2 f& b' Y, K7 p& z5 V& A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# X% Y1 L+ k  k% m/ T% v0 ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
, V7 A4 p5 s# A4 @/ Ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. D. t. L/ N6 }/ x. H' wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! ?6 P. \+ }7 f0 B# C& y. J, p% ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 p& O+ a- b8 e1 w- L( h7 Sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# q; ]& K% N  G6 r$ e) h" G- \) y5 Jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: @2 p/ q" x: D, ^: a, R* @
height will not be affected.* F: Q1 k* \" j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
" f7 w& E$ n% C  jability of androgen products in our society may
! k/ m8 r% R* R& t; a1 a( D% Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female
: N3 [+ B0 m: i& J( E: g' _; U( schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! U2 }3 V: u4 n3 F0 b/ Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-8 Z! b/ y% t  j2 R
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 L% W% M- {% f8 _gel should be asked of the family members during
6 z+ B$ m9 ^; L/ B( l/ c1 g0 v2 y3 Qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
) y2 w$ g1 K: u- H" Q8 E6 Zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 @9 R# [, L) d& Y3 k" z( y
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by% ]) |5 S. j3 M4 v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ X) F4 Z; S; Y; C" ~history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ M8 i3 j" }: l* z& P) r! vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 N8 ?: X& h  r+ G# K  a) F! qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
2 z% H" h: g1 `9 T) \- ]7 w5 w2 j5 Yaware of this fact, because most of these children
- {% F! N! E  m. Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( I# u) Z/ K) @. t7 r$ Y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
  `% n* H3 y5 q( q6 Z3 @8 rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ f5 C, K6 c" }female child who might come in contact with some-
8 X3 ^( W- ~# _, N6 Jone using any of these products., ]- _1 I* `+ \
References
4 Q1 t6 N) }; R0 L0 [6 [) O8 r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& {' P0 l6 B5 }4 p1 [2 S7 ^+ z  F8 Y1 Land puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& P/ w5 {+ t% l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; n# t3 f9 r% ]8 {2002: 565-628.) Y) g+ }4 J+ o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- I. y  h. o1 H8 {) n/ C
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
" U* N5 N! E9 c: ]$ e6 Uareas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
# R0 {4 h0 B+ N! V; D+ t2001;90:751-756.5 o1 q  T) u; P& J4 Q* H
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
% d1 W* u3 Q  T2 G
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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